fix(pipeline): 修复取报-处理-回填链路的超时、吞吐、回填与 FIFO 问题

外部调用（ACM2-33）
- 共享 MySQL 与自有 PG 全部补有界超时：驱动 connect/socket 超时 + Hikari 池超时
  （注意 Micronaut 的 Hikari 项是毫秒数，不是 Duration 字面量）
- 删除主泵/毒丸路径的 inline 回填：跨库写不再占用 FIFO 关键路径，回填统一由扫描驱动
- 游标自愈：save() 改为「先 UPDATE、缺行 INSERT」，缺行只记一次 ERROR
- Pump/Dispatcher 外层 catch 补 error 日志与失败计数

投递吞吐（ACM2-34）
- Dispatcher 改批量领取；队头退避未到期或首条发送失败即停止本轮（保持目标内保序）
- 有活不再 sleep；删除不可达的 state==SENT 死条件；markSent 移入分支；
  superseded 清理加轮数上限与空 eventId 保护

回填闭环（ACM2-36，V4）
- MISSING（运行时确认行不存在）立即放弃自动重试并告警；暂时性故障达上限后停止自动重试
- 新增 reopen 人工恢复入口；放弃 ≠ 标记已确认（BACKFILL_AT 仍为空，清除前提不成立）
- 扫描改 (BACKFILL_ATTEMPTS, MSG_ID) 公平轮转并排除放弃行，消除全局回填饥饿
- V4 只加字段与必要索引，不按年龄做任何存量推断

切流播种（ACM2-35，V5）
- cutover-watermark 四模式（min/zero/max/显式 ID），默认不播种、代码不做默认选择
- 升级实例拒绝重新播种（SEEDED_AT 为 NULL ≠ 从未消费）；播种与水位同语句落库
- 非法取值由启动自检挡下

错误分类与入口契约（ACM2-37）
- 未知 SCHD 子类型改为 UNSUPPORTED，不再静默当全量日计划合并
- ADFT 运营日冲突改走 ProtocolViolation → DEAD(PROTOCOL)
- 兼容入口 receivedAt 缺失回退到注入 Clock；MessageLifecycleGate 强制注入 + 装配断言
- FIFO：主泵只领取 msgId ≤ W，兼容入口登记的行在水位追平前不被领取

时间源与可观测（ACM2-38 / ACM2-41 阶段 0）
- 仓储/处理器/作业全部经注入 Clock；移除 markTerminal/markBackfilled 的 Instant.now() 默认值
- 退避表档位与 max-attempts 对齐并加启动自检
- Micrometer 7 个 gauge（@Context 急切注册）+ /health 与 /metrics 共用积压快照缓存
- 只读迟到检测：监视被放行的空洞 ID 是否后来真的出现，只计数告警、不补入队

Plane: ACM2-33 ACM2-34 ACM2-35 ACM2-36 ACM2-37 ACM2-38 ACM2-41
Tests: 88 → 120（1 skipped 需真实 PG）

build.gradle.kts

@@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ dependencies {
     implementation(libs.micronaut.redis.lettuce)
     implementation(libs.micronaut.kafka)
     implementation(libs.micronaut.discovery.eureka)
+    // 指标：把管道积压/回填/水位等暴露为 MeterRegistry 指标（版本由 platform BOM 管）
+    implementation(libs.micronaut.micrometer.core)
     implementation(libs.jackson.dataformat.xml)
     implementation(libs.jackson.module.kotlin)
     implementation(libs.logstash.logback.encoder)

gradle/libs.versions.toml

@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ micronaut-redis-lettuce = { module = "io.micronaut.redis:micronaut-redis-lettuce
 micronaut-kafka = { module = "io.micronaut.kafka:micronaut-kafka" }
 micronaut-discovery-eureka = { module = "io.micronaut.discovery:micronaut-discovery-client" }
 micronaut-management = { module = "io.micronaut:micronaut-management" }
+# 指标接入（Micrometer）：版本由 micronaut-platform BOM 统一管理，勿在此钉版本。
+micronaut-micrometer-core = { module = "io.micronaut.micrometer:micronaut-micrometer-core" }
 # Kotlin 注解处理（KSP）处理器——与 kotlin-ksp 插件配套（U01）
 micronaut-inject-kotlin = { module = "io.micronaut:micronaut-inject-kotlin", version.ref = "micronaut" }
 jackson-dataformat-xml = { module = "com.fasterxml.jackson.dataformat:jackson-dataformat-xml", version = "2.18.2" }

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/PipelineLifecycle.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange
 
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.config.PipelineProps
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.delivery.Dispatcher
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress.InboxPoller
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.Pump
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ class PipelineLifecycle(
     private val pump: Pump,
     private val dispatcher: Dispatcher,
     private val jobRunner: JobRunner,
+    private val props: PipelineProps,
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(PipelineLifecycle::class.java)
     private val threads = mutableListOf<Thread>()
@@ -38,6 +40,9 @@ class PipelineLifecycle(
 
     private fun startIfNeeded() {
         if (started) return
+        // 自检放在起线程之前：配置错位（例如退避表档位数与 max-attempts 不匹配、
+        // 有一段退避永远走不到）必须让启动失败，而不是静默按错误参数长期运行。
+        props.pipeline.validate()
         started = true
         threads += spawn("msgx-inbox-poller", poller::loop)
         threads += spawn("msgx-pump", pump::loop)

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/codec/JacksonXmlCodec.kt

@@ -73,14 +73,18 @@ class JacksonXmlCodec : XmlCodec {
     override fun encodeRqrd(kind: String, rangeJson: String): String =
         """<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><MSG><META><TYPE>RQFD</TYPE></META></MSG>"""
 
+    /**
+     * 子类型分派必须是**白名单**：未知的 SCHD 子类型不能静默当成全量日计划（DNLD）——
+     * 那会让一条本该"暂不支持、等人工处置"的报文走最重的整包合并写入路径。
+     * 空 STYP 按 legacy 约定视为 DNLD（该约定待与 SIS 逐类对拍确认，见 Q8）。
+     */
     private fun kindOf(type: String, styp: String): MsgKind = when (type) {
-        "SCHD" -> MsgKind.Schd(
+        "SCHD" -> when (styp) {
-            when (styp) {
+            "RESP" -> MsgKind.Schd(MsgKind.SchdSubtype.RESP)
-                "RESP" -> MsgKind.SchdSubtype.RESP
+            "ADFT" -> MsgKind.Schd(MsgKind.SchdSubtype.ADFT)
-                "ADFT" -> MsgKind.SchdSubtype.ADFT
+            "DNLD", "" -> MsgKind.Schd(MsgKind.SchdSubtype.DNLD)
-                else -> MsgKind.SchdSubtype.DNLD
+            else -> MsgKind.Unsupported("SCHD-$styp")
-            },
+        }
-        )
         "FLOP" -> if (styp == "FDEL") MsgKind.Fdel else MsgKind.Flop(styp)
         else -> MsgKind.Unsupported("$type-$styp")
     }

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/config/MailboxProps.kt

@@ -20,5 +20,23 @@ class MailboxProps {
         var username: String = ""
         var password: String = ""
         var driverClassName: String = "com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"
+
+        /**
+         * 共享 MySQL 的驱动级超时（毫秒）。这些值必须存在且有限：Connector/J 默认
+         * `socketTimeout=0` 表示**无限等待**，一次网络黑洞就能把调用线程永久挂住。
+         *
+         * 收报轮询、主泵读原文、回填写信箱都会经过这条连接，因此超时是"外部调用有界"
+         * 这条约束的落点，不是可选调优项。
+         */
+        var connectTimeoutMs: Int = 3_000
+
+        /** 单次 socket 读等待上限；超时抛异常，交由各自的失败/退避路径处理。 */
+        var socketTimeoutMs: Int = 30_000
+
+        /** Hikari 取连接（池耗尽）等待上限。 */
+        var poolConnectionTimeoutMs: Long = 5_000
+
+        /** Hikari 连接有效性校验上限。 */
+        var poolValidationTimeoutMs: Long = 3_000
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/config/PipelineProps.kt

@@ -22,7 +22,9 @@ class PipelineProps {
         var pollInterval: Duration = Duration.ofSeconds(1)      // KEEP 现役节奏
         var claimBatch: Int = 50
         var maxAttempts: Int = 5                                // 处理/投递同值
-        var backoffMs: List<Long> = listOf(1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000)
+        // 档位数必须等于 max-attempts − 1：attempts 达到上限即转 DEAD，不再计算下次重试，
+        // 因此最多只用得到 max-attempts − 1 个档位。多出来的档位永远走不到（会被 validate() 拦下）。
+        var backoffMs: List<Long> = listOf(1000, 2000, 4000, 8000)
         var backoffCapMs: Long = 60_000
         var headDeadline: Duration = Duration.ofMinutes(10)     // 最坏 HOL 上界（毒丸升级）
 
@@ -47,6 +49,45 @@ class PipelineProps {
         /** 每次回填扫描最多处理多少条。 */
         var backfillBatch: Int = 100
 
+        /**
+         * 回填的自动重试次数上限。达到上限后**停止自动重试**（置为 abandoned 并告警），
+         * 但保留人工恢复能力——暂时性故障不该变成永久失去补偿，也不该永久占满扫描批次。
+         */
+        var backfillMaxAttempts: Int = 100
+
+        /**
+         * 切流水位播种（一次性、显式）。取值：
+         * `min` = `W:MIN(ID)−1`（读当前全部现存行）、`zero` = `W:0`（按空洞规则从 0 扫）、
+         * `max` = `W:MAX(ID)`（跳过当前可见存量）、或一个具体 ID。
+         *
+         * **默认 null = 不播种**，保持既有行为。是否跳过存量属于切流决策，必须由人显式配置：
+         * 代码不做默认选择，也不会自动退化成 `max`；升级实例（已有水位或已有处理记录）会拒绝重新播种。
+         */
+        var cutoverWatermark: String? = null
+
+        /**
+         * 迟到到达检测（只读，ACM2-41 阶段 0）：复查"已判定为永久空洞的 ID"是否后来真的出现。
+         * 默认 60 秒一轮；设为 0 或负数即关闭。
+         *
+         * 检测只计数与告警，**不入队、不改变任何处理语义**——自动补入队（阶段 1）需要先与库方定案。
+         */
+        var lateDetectPeriod: Duration = Duration.ofSeconds(60)
+
+        /** 每轮最多复查多少个被放行的空洞 ID。 */
+        var lateDetectBatch: Int = 200
+
+        /**
+         * 普通事件（`KAFKA:msg`）每轮向一个目标领取的条数上限。
+         * 逐条领取会让投递吞吐被"每条一次 DB 往返 + 一轮一次 sleep"压到每秒 1 条。
+         */
+        var deliveryBatch: Int = 200
+
+        /**
+         * 每轮最多连续领取多少批，之后让出一次循环去跑 `schd` flush，
+         * 避免长积压把状态通知饿死。
+         */
+        var deliveryDrainRounds: Int = 10
+
         /**
          * 服务启动后是否自动拉起收报、主泵、投递三个循环。
          * 默认关闭：只有接了真实仓储、或者明确用内存 stub 跑的时候才安全。
@@ -58,6 +99,31 @@ class PipelineProps {
             val index = (attempt - 1).coerceAtLeast(0)
             return backoffMs.getOrNull(index)?.coerceAtMost(backoffCapMs) ?: backoffCapMs
         }
+
+        /**
+         * 配置自检：退避表档位数必须等于 `max-attempts − 1`。
+         *
+         * 因为 attempts 一达到 `max-attempts` 就转 `DEAD`、不再计算下次重试，能真正用到的档位
+         * 只有 `max-attempts − 1` 个。表更长会有一段**永远走不到**（默认配置里的 16 秒档就是这样），
+         * 表更短则会提前封顶。两种错位都应该在启动时暴露，而不是静默生效。
+         */
+        fun validate() {
+            require(backoffMs.size == maxAttempts - 1) {
+                "msgx.pipeline.backoff-ms has ${backoffMs.size} slots, " +
+                    "but max-attempts=$maxAttempts implies exactly ${maxAttempts - 1}"
+            }
+            // 切流播种只接受四种取值；非法值必须在启动时挡掉，而不是每轮轮询刷错误日志。
+            val cutover = cutoverWatermark
+            require(
+                cutover == null ||
+                    cutover.equals("min", ignoreCase = true) ||
+                    cutover.equals("zero", ignoreCase = true) ||
+                    cutover.equals("max", ignoreCase = true) ||
+                    cutover.toLongOrNull() != null,
+            ) {
+                "msgx.pipeline.cutover-watermark must be one of min|zero|max|<id>, got '$cutover'"
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     @ConfigurationProperties("schd")

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/delivery/Dispatcher.kt

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.retry.FailureScheduler
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong
 
 /** 对外投递的出口：同步等 Kafka 确认，语义是至少发一次（可能重复，但不会丢）。以后 ES 投影也从这里加。 */
 interface DeliveryPort {
@@ -46,6 +47,9 @@ class Dispatcher(
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(Dispatcher::class.java)
 
+    /** 连续失败计数：仅用于日志/排障。 */
+    private val tickFailures = AtomicLong(0)
+
     @Volatile
     private var running = true
 
@@ -60,35 +64,77 @@ class Dispatcher(
         while (running) {
             try {
                 tick()
+                tickFailures.set(0)
             } catch (e: InterruptedException) {
                 Thread.currentThread().interrupt()
                 return
             } catch (e: Exception) {
+                // tick 整体失败（DB 断连等）必须在别处留痕，否则只剩"投递不动"没有原因。
+                val failures = tickFailures.incrementAndGet()
+                log.error("dispatcher tick failed (failure #{})", failures, e)
                 sleepQuietly(props.pipeline.pollInterval)
             }
         }
     }
 
     internal fun tick() {
-        val head = msgEvents.headUnsent(Targets.KAFKA_MSG)
+        val sent = drainKafkaMsg()
-        if (head != null && (head.state == EventStatus.SENT || head.nextAttemptAt == null || head.nextAttemptAt <= scheduler.now())) {
-            deliver(Targets.KAFKA_MSG, head)
-        }
         if (flushDue()) flushSchd()
-        if (running) sleepQuietly(props.pipeline.pollInterval)
+        // 有活就不睡：pollInterval 只用于"本轮无事可做或队头在退避"，不能当投递节流用。
+        if (sent == 0 && running) sleepQuietly(props.pipeline.pollInterval)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 按 `EVENT_ID` 顺序批量投递 `KAFKA:msg`。
+     *
+     * 保序规则不变：**同一目标内不越序**——队头失败或退避未到期时立即停止本轮，
+     * 不跳过它去投后面的。批量只用来省掉"每条一次 DB 往返 + 一轮一次 sleep"。
+     *
+     * @return 本轮成功发出的条数
+     */
+    private fun drainKafkaMsg(): Int {
+        val batchSize = props.pipeline.deliveryBatch.coerceAtLeast(1)
+        val maxRounds = props.pipeline.deliveryDrainRounds.coerceAtLeast(1)
+        var sent = 0
+        var round = 0
+        while (round < maxRounds) {
+            round++
+            val batch = try {
+                msgEvents.claimBatch(Targets.KAFKA_MSG, batchSize)
+            } catch (e: Exception) {
+                log.error("claimBatch(KAFKA_MSG) failed", e)
+                return sent
+            }
+            if (batch.isEmpty()) return sent
+            for (e in batch) {
+                val next = e.nextAttemptAt
+                if (next != null && next > scheduler.now()) return sent   // 队头退避未到期：停止推进
+                if (!deliver(Targets.KAFKA_MSG, e)) return sent            // 失败已记账：停止以保序
+                sent++
+            }
+            if (batch.size < batchSize) return sent
+        }
+        log.warn("kafka msg drain hit round cap ({} rounds, sent={}); yielding to schd flush", maxRounds, sent)
+        return sent
     }
 
     private fun flushDue(): Boolean =
         lastFlush?.let { Duration.between(it, scheduler.now()) >= props.schd.flushPeriod } ?: true
 
-    private fun deliver(target: String, e: MsgEvent) {
+    /** @return 是否已确认发出（false 表示已按退避/死信记账，调用方应停止本轮以保序） */
-        try {
+    private fun deliver(target: String, e: MsgEvent): Boolean {
+        val eventId = e.eventId ?: return false
+        return try {
             when (target) {
                 Targets.KAFKA_MSG -> port.sendKafka("msg", e.partitionKey, e.payloadJson)
+                // 未知目标不能在"未发送"的情况下被标记为已发；记账后停止本轮。
+                else -> error("unknown delivery target: $target")
             }
-            msgEvents.markSent(e.eventId ?: return)
+            msgEvents.markSent(eventId)
+            true
         } catch (ex: Exception) {
             retryOrDead(e, ex.message ?: ex.javaClass.simpleName)
+            false
         }
     }
 
@@ -117,14 +163,26 @@ class Dispatcher(
         }
         val sentIds = batch.mapNotNull { it.eventId }.toSet() - failures.mapNotNull { it.eventId }.toSet()
         if (sentIds.isNotEmpty()) msgEvents.markAllSent(sentIds.toList())
-        // 被更新版本压掉的旧事件也要标成已发，否则它们会一直留在队里：同一个 FLID 只按最新版本输出一次
         val sentVersions = batch.associate { it.partitionKey to it.stateVersion }
+        // 被更新版本压掉的旧事件也要标成已发，否则它们会一直留在队里：同一个 FLID 只按最新版本输出一次。
+        // 这里必须**有界**：若 markAllSent 因任何原因没有生效（例如行缺 eventId），
+        // 旧的无界 while(true) 会原地空转。
         runCatching {
-            while (true) {
+            var rounds = 0
+            while (rounds < SUPERSEDED_CLEANUP_MAX_ROUNDS) {
+                rounds++
                 val superseded = msgEvents.mergePendingSchd(scheduler.now(), props.schd.flushLimit)
                     .filter { sentVersions[it.partitionKey]?.let { v -> it.stateVersion < v } == true }
                 if (superseded.isEmpty()) break
-                msgEvents.markAllSent(superseded.mapNotNull { it.eventId })
+                val ids = superseded.mapNotNull { it.eventId }
+                if (ids.isEmpty()) {
+                    log.warn("superseded cleanup: {} rows without event_id, stop to avoid a spin", superseded.size)
+                    break
+                }
+                msgEvents.markAllSent(ids)
+                if (rounds == SUPERSEDED_CLEANUP_MAX_ROUNDS) {
+                    log.warn("superseded cleanup hit round cap ({}); remaining rows will be handled next flush", rounds)
+                }
             }
         }.onFailure { log.warn("superseded cleanup failed: {}", it.message) }
         failures.forEach { retryOrDead(it, it.lastError ?: "send-failed") }
@@ -145,4 +203,9 @@ class Dispatcher(
     private fun sleepQuietly(d: Duration) {
         if (!d.isNegative && !d.isZero) Thread.sleep(d.toMillis().coerceAtLeast(1))
     }
+
+    private companion object {
+        /** superseded 清理的轮数上限：只用于防止"标不掉又不报错"时的原地空转。 */
+        const val SUPERSEDED_CLEANUP_MAX_ROUNDS = 100
+    }
 }

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/domain/ProcState.kt

@@ -72,6 +72,15 @@ data class ProcState(
     val backfillNextAt: Instant? = null,
     val backfillAttempts: Int = 0,
     val backfillError: String? = null,
+    /**
+     * 非空表示已判定"不必再回填"（信箱行不存在，或达到尝试上限）。
+     *
+     * **它不等于标记已确认**：`backfillAt` 仍为空，所以不满足"边界内全部行已打标"的清除条件。
+     * 停止重试与"已满足清除前提"是两件事，不能互相替代。
+     */
+    val backfillAbandonedAt: Instant? = null,
+    /** 放弃原因（`MISSING_ROW` / `MAX_ATTEMPTS`），供人工对账与恢复判断。 */
+    val backfillAbandonedReason: String? = null,
     /** 首次被主泵取得的时刻；重试不刷新，用作 HOL deadline 的稳定起点。 */
     val processingStartedAt: Instant? = null,
     val updatedAt: Instant = Instant.now(),

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/health/BacklogSnapshotProvider.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.health
+
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.Backlog
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.ProcStateRepository
+import io.micronaut.context.BeanProvider
+import io.micronaut.context.annotation.Value
+import jakarta.inject.Singleton
+import java.time.Clock
+import java.time.Duration
+import java.time.Instant
+
+/**
+ * 处理侧积压快照的唯一取数点，带 TTL 缓存。
+ *
+ * `backlog()` 是 `PROC_STATE` 的**全表聚合**；健康检查（`/health`）与指标抓取（`/metrics`）
+ * 都可能被高频调用，因此两者共用同一份缓存，避免把数据库拖慢。代价是数字最多滞后一个
+ * 缓存窗口——对积压/信龄这类告警信号足够。
+ *
+ * 缓存窗口由 `msgx.health.backlog-cache-ttl-ms` 配置（默认 30 秒；设为 0 表示不缓存）。
+ * 需要实时精确计数时应改为维护计数器，而不是把窗口调到 0。
+ */
+@Singleton
+class BacklogSnapshotProvider(
+    private val procState: BeanProvider<ProcStateRepository>,
+    private val clock: Clock,
+    @Value("\${msgx.health.backlog-cache-ttl-ms:30000}") private val ttlMs: Long = 30_000,
+) {
+    @Volatile
+    private var cached: Backlog? = null
+
+    @Volatile
+    private var cachedAt: Instant? = null
+
+    /** @return 积压快照；仓储未绑定（例如 stub 关闭）时返回 null，由调用方按"未绑定"处理。 */
+    fun snapshot(): Backlog? {
+        if (!procState.isPresent) return null
+        val now = clock.instant()
+        val at = cachedAt
+        val value = cached
+        if (ttlMs > 0 && at != null && value != null && Duration.between(at, now).toMillis() < ttlMs) {
+            return value
+        }
+        val fresh = procState.get().backlog()
+        cached = fresh
+        cachedAt = now
+        return fresh
+    }
+}

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/health/InboxLifecycleHealthIndicator.kt

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.health
 
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.Backlog
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.CminmsgInboxRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.InboxCursorRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.ProcStateRepository
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ import io.micronaut.management.health.indicator.HealthIndicator
 import io.micronaut.management.health.indicator.HealthResult
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
 import org.reactivestreams.Publisher
+import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
 
@@ -28,6 +30,8 @@ class InboxLifecycleHealthIndicator(
     private val procState: BeanProvider<ProcStateRepository>,
     private val cursor: BeanProvider<InboxCursorRepository>,
     private val mailbox: BeanProvider<CminmsgInboxRepository>,
+    private val clock: Clock,
+    private val backlogs: BacklogSnapshotProvider,
 ) : HealthIndicator {
 
     override fun getResult(): Publisher<HealthResult> =
@@ -37,6 +41,9 @@ class InboxLifecycleHealthIndicator(
                     procState = if (procState.isPresent) procState.get() else null,
                     cursor = if (cursor.isPresent) cursor.get() else null,
                     mailbox = if (mailbox.isPresent) mailbox.get() else null,
+                    now = clock.instant(),
+                    // 与 /metrics 共用同一份 30 秒缓存：两者都不该把全表聚合打成高频查询。
+                    backlog = backlogs.snapshot(),
                 )
             }.getOrElse { down(it) },
         )
@@ -47,23 +54,31 @@ internal fun lifecycleHealth(
     procState: ProcStateRepository?,
     cursor: InboxCursorRepository?,
     mailbox: CminmsgInboxRepository?,
-    now: Instant = Instant.now(),
+    now: Instant,
+    /** 允许调用方传入缓存/已算好的积压快照；为空时现查（`backlog()` 是全表聚合）。 */
+    backlog: Backlog? = null,
 ): HealthResult {
     if (procState == null) {
         return HealthResult.builder(NAME).status(HealthStatus.UP)
             .details(mapOf("message" to "proc_state repository not bound (stub off, impl pending)"))
             .build()
     }
-    val backlog = procState.backlog()
+    val snapshot = backlog ?: procState.backlog()
     val watermark = cursor?.load()?.committedUpTo
     val maxId = runCatching { mailbox?.maxId() }.getOrNull()
     return HealthResult.builder(NAME).status(HealthStatus.UP).details(
         linkedMapOf<String, Any>(
-            "backlog" to backlog.unfinished,
+            "backlog" to snapshot.unfinished,
             "oldestUnprocessedSeconds" to (
-                backlog.oldestReceivedAt?.let { Duration.between(it, now).seconds } ?: -1L
+                snapshot.oldestReceivedAt?.let { Duration.between(it, now).seconds } ?: -1L
+                ),
+            "unmarkedTerminal" to snapshot.unmarkedTerminal,
+            // 已放弃自动回填的条数：**不等于**标记已完成，需要人工对账；非 0 应告警。
+            "backfillAbandoned" to snapshot.abandonedBackfill,
+            // 最老一条"仍待自动回填"记录的年龄（秒）：回填延迟的真实观测值。
+            "oldestUnmarkedBackfillSeconds" to (
+                snapshot.oldestUnmarkedAt?.let { Duration.between(it, now).seconds } ?: -1L
                 ),
-            "unmarkedTerminal" to backlog.unmarkedTerminal,
             "watermark" to (watermark ?: -1L),
             "watermarkLag" to if (watermark != null && maxId != null) maxId - watermark else -1L,
         ),

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/metrics/PipelineCounters.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.metrics
+
+import jakarta.inject.Singleton
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong
+
+/**
+ * 管道运行期的**进程内**计数。
+ *
+ * 存在的意义是让业务模块（如收报）能零依赖地上报事实：模块只依赖本类，
+ * 不直接依赖 Micrometer；指标如何在 `/metrics` 上暴露由 [PipelineMetrics] 决定。
+ *
+ * 注意：计数在重启后归零。需要跨重启的累计值应由指标后端聚合，不在这里做持久化。
+ */
+@Singleton
+class PipelineCounters {
+    private val holeAgedOut = AtomicLong(0)
+    private val lateArrivalDetected = AtomicLong(0)
+
+    /** 水位因空洞超过老化阈值而放行（判定为永久空洞）的次数。 */
+    fun holeAgedOutIncrement() {
+        holeAgedOut.incrementAndGet()
+    }
+
+    fun holeAgedOutCount(): Long = holeAgedOut.get()
+
+    /**
+     * "迟到到达"检测命中的**不同**消息 ID 数（ACM2-41 阶段 0）。
+     *
+     * 含义：该 ID 曾被判定为永久空洞并放行，之后却真的出现在信箱里——即上游提交晚于水位推进。
+     * 阶段 0 只计数与告警，**不会**补入队；因此这个值 > 0 表示"确有迟到发生，需要与库方对契约"。
+     */
+    fun lateArrivalDetectedIncrement() {
+        lateArrivalDetected.incrementAndGet()
+    }
+
+    fun lateArrivalDetectedCount(): Long = lateArrivalDetected.get()
+}

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/metrics/PipelineMetrics.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.metrics
+
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.health.BacklogSnapshotProvider
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.CminmsgInboxRepository
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.InboxCursorRepository
+import io.micronaut.context.BeanProvider
+import io.micronaut.context.annotation.Context
+import io.micronaut.context.annotation.Requires
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.Gauge
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.MeterRegistry
+import jakarta.annotation.PostConstruct
+import java.time.Clock
+import java.time.Duration
+
+/**
+ * 把管道的可观测事实暴露成 Micrometer 指标（默认经 `/metrics` 抓取）。
+ *
+ * 只暴露规范里要求观测的量：
+ * - `msgx.pipeline.backlog.unfinished`：还没处理完的消息条数
+ * - `msgx.pipeline.backlog.oldest_unprocessed_seconds`：最老未处理消息的信龄
+ * - `msgx.pipeline.backfill.unmarked_terminal`：已终态但未打标的条数
+ * - `msgx.pipeline.backfill.abandoned`：已放弃自动回填的条数（**非 0 需人工对账**）
+ * - `msgx.pipeline.backfill.oldest_unmarked_seconds`：最老一条仍待自动回填的年龄
+ * - `msgx.pipeline.watermark.lag`：水位落后信箱最新 ID 的距离
+ * - `msgx.pipeline.hole.aged_out.total`：永久空洞放行次数
+ *
+ * 取数统一走 [BacklogSnapshotProvider]（30 秒 TTL），因此指标抓取不会打穿数据库。
+ * 无法取数时以 `NaN` 上报（Micrometer 的惯例表示"本次无值"），而不是伪造 0。
+ *
+ * `Gauge` 默认对目标对象持**弱引用**，这里显式 `strongReference(true)`：
+ * 单例被容器持有本不会被回收，但显式声明可避免将来重构踩坑。
+ *
+ * 用 `@Context` 而不是 `@Singleton`：没有任何 bean 依赖它，惰性单例永远不会被创建，
+ * 指标也就注册不上。指标装配必须在启动时急切完成。
+ */
+@Context
+@Requires(beans = [MeterRegistry::class])
+class PipelineMetrics(
+    private val registry: MeterRegistry,
+    private val backlogs: BacklogSnapshotProvider,
+    private val cursor: BeanProvider<InboxCursorRepository>,
+    private val mailbox: BeanProvider<CminmsgInboxRepository>,
+    private val counters: PipelineCounters,
+    private val clock: Clock,
+) {
+
+    @PostConstruct
+    fun bind() {
+        backlogGauge("msgx.pipeline.backlog.unfinished") { it.unfinished.toDouble() }
+        backlogGauge("msgx.pipeline.backlog.oldest_unprocessed_seconds") { snapshot ->
+            snapshot.oldestReceivedAt
+                ?.let { Duration.between(it, clock.instant()).seconds.toDouble() }
+                ?: -1.0
+        }
+        backlogGauge("msgx.pipeline.backfill.unmarked_terminal") { it.unmarkedTerminal.toDouble() }
+        backlogGauge("msgx.pipeline.backfill.abandoned") { it.abandonedBackfill.toDouble() }
+        backlogGauge("msgx.pipeline.backfill.oldest_unmarked_seconds") { snapshot ->
+            snapshot.oldestUnmarkedAt
+                ?.let { Duration.between(it, clock.instant()).seconds.toDouble() }
+                ?: -1.0
+        }
+
+        Gauge.builder("msgx.pipeline.watermark.lag", backlogs) { _ ->
+            val watermark = if (cursor.isPresent) cursor.get().load().committedUpTo else null
+            val maxId = if (mailbox.isPresent) runCatching { mailbox.get().maxId() }.getOrNull() else null
+            if (watermark != null && maxId != null) (maxId - watermark).toDouble() else -1.0
+        }.strongReference(true).register(registry)
+
+        Gauge.builder("msgx.pipeline.hole.aged_out.total", counters) { it.holeAgedOutCount().toDouble() }
+            .strongReference(true)
+            .register(registry)
+
+        // 迟到到达检测命中数（阶段 0 只观测）：> 0 表示上游提交确实晚于水位推进，需要与库方对契约。
+        Gauge.builder("msgx.pipeline.late_arrival.detected.total", counters) { it.lateArrivalDetectedCount().toDouble() }
+            .strongReference(true)
+            .register(registry)
+    }
+
+    private fun backlogGauge(name: String, value: (com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.Backlog) -> Double) {
+        Gauge.builder(name, backlogs) { provider ->
+            provider.snapshot()?.let(value) ?: Double.NaN
+        }.strongReference(true).register(registry)
+    }
+}

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/persistence/Repositories.kt

@@ -89,15 +89,31 @@ interface ProcStateRepository {
         errorClass: ErrorClass? = null,
         lastError: String? = null,
         attempts: Int? = null,
-        now: Instant = Instant.now(),
+        now: Instant,
     )
 
     /** 回填成功：记下完成时间，清掉待办。 */
-    fun markBackfilled(msgId: Long, now: Instant = Instant.now())
+    fun markBackfilled(msgId: Long, now: Instant)
 
     /** 回填失败：次数 +1、按退避推后、记下原因。处理终态不受影响，不会被改回去。 */
     fun recordBackfillFailure(msgId: Long, error: String?, attempts: Int, nextAttemptAt: Instant, now: Instant)
 
+    /**
+     * 放弃回填：判定该行不必再自动尝试（信箱行不存在，或达到尝试上限）。
+     *
+     * **abandoned ≠ 标记已确认**：`BACKFILL_AT` 仍为空，因此**不**满足"边界内全部行已打标"的
+     * 清除前提；放弃只是停止自动重试并把事实留痕，供人工对账。
+     *
+     * @return false 表示该行不存在
+     */
+    fun markBackfillAbandoned(msgId: Long, reason: String, now: Instant): Boolean
+
+    /**
+     * 人工恢复入口：清除放弃标记并重新排队一次回填（暂时性故障恢复后、或人工对账确认后使用）。
+     * @return false 表示该行不存在或本来就未被放弃
+     */
+    fun reopenBackfill(msgId: Long, now: Instant): Boolean
+
     /**
      * 找出现在该回填的记录：已经到终态、还没确认回填，并且退避时间已到。
      *
@@ -111,6 +127,9 @@ interface ProcStateRepository {
 
     /** 积压观测：还没处理完的条数、最老一条的接收时间、处理完但还没回填的条数。 */
     fun backlog(): Backlog
+
+    /** 是否已有任何处理记录（含终态）。切流播种用它判断"这个实例是否已经消费过"。 */
+    fun hasAny(): Boolean
 }
 
 /** 扫描到的待回填记录。 */
@@ -120,9 +139,17 @@ data class BackfillDue(val msgId: Long, val attempts: Int)
  * 处理侧积压快照。
  * @param unfinished 还没处理完的消息条数
  * @param oldestReceivedAt 其中最早一条的接收时间（据此算信龄）
- * @param unmarkedTerminal 已经处理完、但还没把标记写回信箱的条数
+ * @param unmarkedTerminal 已经处理完、但还没把标记写回信箱的条数（含已放弃的）
+ * @param abandonedBackfill 其中已放弃自动回填的条数（需要人工对账的信号）
+ * @param oldestUnmarkedAt 最老一条待回填记录的接收时间（回填延迟观测）
  */
-data class Backlog(val unfinished: Int, val oldestReceivedAt: Instant?, val unmarkedTerminal: Int)
+data class Backlog(
+    val unfinished: Int,
+    val oldestReceivedAt: Instant?,
+    val unmarkedTerminal: Int,
+    val abandonedBackfill: Int = 0,
+    val oldestUnmarkedAt: Instant? = null,
+)
 
 /**
  * 待发事件（outbox）表：业务提交时把要发的事件一起写进来，投递线程再从这张表往外发，
@@ -263,12 +290,25 @@ interface InboxCursorRepository {
     /**
      * @param committedUpTo 水位 W
      * @param holeSince W 后面那个缺口最早被发现的时刻；当前没有缺口时为 null
+     * @param seededAt 非空 = 已按 `msgx.pipeline.cutover-watermark` 播种过。
+     *   **它为空不等于"从未消费"**：已有库新增该列后同样是 null，判断必须叠加"水位为 0 且无处理记录"。
      */
-    data class Cursor(val committedUpTo: Long = 0L, val holeSince: Instant? = null)
+    data class Cursor(
+        val committedUpTo: Long = 0L,
+        val holeSince: Instant? = null,
+        val seededAt: Instant? = null,
+    )
 
     fun load(): Cursor
 
+    /** 只推进水位与空洞计时，不改动 [Cursor.seededAt]。 */
     fun save(cursor: Cursor)
+
+    /**
+     * 切流播种：一次性写入水位并把空洞计时清空，同时记录播种事实。
+     * 与 [save] 分开，避免"普通轮次推进水位"把播种标记抹掉。
+     */
+    fun markSeeded(committedUpTo: Long, now: Instant)
 }
 
 /**
@@ -299,6 +339,15 @@ interface CminmsgInboxRepository {
     /** 信箱当前最大 ID，空表返回 null；只用来观测收报落后了多少。 */
     fun maxId(): Long?
 
+    /** 信箱当前最小 ID，空表返回 null；切流播种用它推算 `W = MIN(ID) − 1`。 */
+    fun minId(): Long?
+
+    /**
+     * 批量查询这些 ID 里哪些**当前存在于信箱**。
+     * 只用于"迟到到达"检测（被放行的空洞 ID 后来是否真的出现），不读大字段。
+     */
+    fun existingIds(msgIds: Collection<Long>): Set<Long>
+
     /**
      * 把处理标记写回信箱，并且**只写还是空标记的行**：库里已有值时不覆盖、不回退，
      * 重复调用没有副作用。结果明确区分本次写入、已有标记和信箱行缺失。

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/persistence/jdbc/JdbcCminmsgInboxRepository.kt

@@ -71,6 +71,25 @@ class JdbcCminmsgInboxRepository(
             rs.getLong("max_id").takeIf { !rs.wasNull() }
         }
 
+    override fun minId(): Long? =
+        ds.queryOne("SELECT MIN(CMINMSGS_ID) AS min_id FROM cminmsgs", {}) { rs ->
+            rs.getLong("min_id").takeIf { !rs.wasNull() }
+        }
+
+    override fun existingIds(msgIds: Collection<Long>): Set<Long> {
+        if (msgIds.isEmpty()) return emptySet()
+        val out = linkedSetOf<Long>()
+        // 分块避免 IN 列表过长（迟到检测一次最多查 late-detect-batch 个）。
+        msgIds.chunked(200).forEach { chunk ->
+            val placeholders = chunk.joinToString(",") { "?" }
+            ds.query(
+                "SELECT CMINMSGS_ID FROM cminmsgs WHERE CMINMSGS_ID IN ($placeholders)",
+                { ps -> chunk.forEachIndexed { i, id -> ps.setLong(i + 1, id) } },
+            ) { rs -> rs.getLong("CMINMSGS_ID") }.forEach { out += it }
+        }
+        return out
+    }
+
     /**
      * 只更新还是空标记的行，所以重复调用不会覆盖库里已有的值；
      * 影响 0 行时再查一次主键，区分“已有标记”和“信箱行缺失”；后者不能记为回填成功。

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/persistence/jdbc/JdbcPgRepositories.kt

@@ -27,11 +27,13 @@ import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.SnapshotLogRepository
 import io.micronaut.context.annotation.Requires
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
 import java.sql.ResultSet
+import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
 import java.time.LocalDate
 import java.time.LocalDateTime
 import java.time.ZoneId
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.domain.OperationDayCalculator
 import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter
 import java.util.Locale
@@ -70,6 +72,7 @@ class JdbcPipelineLockRepository(
 @Requires(missingProperty = "msgx.stubs")
 class JdbcProcStateRepository(
     private val ds: DataSource,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) : ProcStateRepository {
     /** 入队（幂等）：主键冲突时什么都不做，所以重复扫描和兼容入口并发调用都安全。 */
     override fun insertIfAbsent(msgId: Long, receivedAt: Instant?): Boolean =
@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
             { ps ->
                 ps.setLong(1, msgId)
                 ps.setTimestamp(2, receivedAt?.toSqlTimestamp())
-                ps.setTimestamp(3, Instant.now().toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(3, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
             },
         ) == 1
 
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
             "UPDATE proc_state SET identity_key = ?, updated_at = ? WHERE msg_id = ? AND identity_key IS NULL",
             { ps ->
                 ps.setString(1, identityKey)
-                ps.setTimestamp(2, Instant.now().toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(2, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
                 ps.setLong(3, msgId)
             },
         )
@@ -149,7 +152,7 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
                 ps.setInt(3, attempts ?: 0)
                 ps.setString(4, errorClass?.name)
                 ps.setString(5, lastError)
-                ps.setTimestamp(6, Instant.now().toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(6, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
                 ps.setLong(7, msgId)
             },
         )
@@ -170,6 +173,7 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
             SET state = ?, error_class = ?, last_error = ?, attempts = COALESCE(?, attempts),
                 next_attempt_at = NULL,
                 backfill_at = NULL, backfill_next_at = ?, backfill_attempts = 0, backfill_error = NULL,
+                backfill_abandoned_at = NULL, backfill_abandoned_reason = NULL,
                 updated_at = ?
             WHERE msg_id = ?
             """.trimIndent(),
@@ -209,18 +213,55 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
         )
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 放弃自动回填。注意 **不写 `BACKFILL_AT`**：放弃 ≠ 标记已确认，
+     * 因此"边界内全部行已打标"的清除前提仍然不成立，库方不应据此清除。
+     */
+    override fun markBackfillAbandoned(msgId: Long, reason: String, now: Instant): Boolean =
+        ds.update(
+            "UPDATE proc_state SET backfill_abandoned_at = ?, backfill_abandoned_reason = ?, " +
+                "backfill_next_at = NULL, updated_at = ? " +
+                "WHERE msg_id = ? AND backfill_at IS NULL AND backfill_abandoned_at IS NULL",
+            { ps ->
+                ps.setTimestamp(1, now.toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setString(2, reason.take(64))
+                ps.setTimestamp(3, now.toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setLong(4, msgId)
+            },
+        ) == 1
+
+    /** 人工恢复：清掉放弃标记并立刻重排一次回填（暂时性故障恢复后或对账后使用）。 */
+    override fun reopenBackfill(msgId: Long, now: Instant): Boolean =
+        ds.update(
+            "UPDATE proc_state SET backfill_abandoned_at = NULL, backfill_abandoned_reason = NULL, " +
+                "backfill_next_at = ?, updated_at = ? " +
+                "WHERE msg_id = ? AND backfill_at IS NULL AND backfill_abandoned_at IS NOT NULL",
+            { ps ->
+                ps.setTimestamp(1, now.toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(2, now.toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setLong(3, msgId)
+            },
+        ) == 1
+
     /**
      * 到了该回填的时候：终态 + 还没有标记 + （退避到期 或 收信时间已经很久）。
      * 后面这个"很久"是兜底，保证标记最终一定会补上，库方才能按标记清理信箱。
      */
+    /**
+     * 到了该回填的时候：终态 + 还没有标记 + **未放弃** + （退避到期 或 收信时间已经很久）。
+     *
+     * 排序用**公平轮转**：先按已尝试次数升序，再按 msg_id。若只按 msg_id 升序，
+     * 最旧的一批永久失败行会持续占满批次，后面的记录永远轮不到（全局回填饥饿）。
+     */
     override fun findBackfillDue(now: Instant, overdueBefore: Instant, limit: Int): List<BackfillDue> =
         ds.query(
             """
             SELECT msg_id, backfill_attempts FROM proc_state
             WHERE backfill_at IS NULL
+              AND backfill_abandoned_at IS NULL
               AND state IN ('SUCCEEDED', 'SKIPPED', 'DEAD')
               AND (backfill_next_at IS NULL OR backfill_next_at <= ? OR (received_at IS NOT NULL AND received_at < ?))
-            ORDER BY msg_id ASC LIMIT ?
+            ORDER BY backfill_attempts ASC, msg_id ASC LIMIT ?
             """.trimIndent(),
             { ps ->
                 ps.setTimestamp(1, now.toSqlTimestamp())
@@ -236,20 +277,27 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
             "UPDATE proc_state SET state = 'PENDING', attempts = 0, next_attempt_at = NULL, processing_started_at = NULL, updated_at = ? " +
                 "WHERE state IN ('FAILED', 'DEAD') AND error_class IN ($placeholders)",
             { ps ->
-                ps.setTimestamp(1, Instant.now().toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(1, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
                 errorClasses.forEachIndexed { i, ec -> ps.setString(i + 2, ec.name) }
             },
         )
     }
 
     /** 积压观测：未处理条数、最老一条的接收时间、处理完但未回填的条数。 */
+    override fun hasAny(): Boolean =
+        ds.queryOne("SELECT 1 FROM proc_state LIMIT 1", {}) { 1 } != null
+
     override fun backlog(): Backlog =
         ds.queryOne(
             """
             SELECT
                 count(*) FILTER (WHERE state IN ('PENDING', 'FAILED')) AS unfinished,
                 min(received_at) FILTER (WHERE state IN ('PENDING', 'FAILED')) AS oldest_received_at,
-                count(*) FILTER (WHERE state IN ('SUCCEEDED', 'SKIPPED', 'DEAD') AND backfill_at IS NULL) AS unmarked_terminal
+                count(*) FILTER (WHERE state IN ('SUCCEEDED', 'SKIPPED', 'DEAD') AND backfill_at IS NULL) AS unmarked_terminal,
+                count(*) FILTER (WHERE state IN ('SUCCEEDED', 'SKIPPED', 'DEAD') AND backfill_at IS NULL
+                                   AND backfill_abandoned_at IS NOT NULL) AS abandoned_backfill,
+                min(received_at) FILTER (WHERE state IN ('SUCCEEDED', 'SKIPPED', 'DEAD') AND backfill_at IS NULL
+                                   AND backfill_abandoned_at IS NULL) AS oldest_unmarked_at
             FROM proc_state
             """.trimIndent(),
             {},
@@ -258,6 +306,8 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
                 unfinished = rs.getInt("unfinished"),
                 oldestReceivedAt = rs.getInstant("oldest_received_at"),
                 unmarkedTerminal = rs.getInt("unmarked_terminal"),
+                abandonedBackfill = rs.getInt("abandoned_backfill"),
+                oldestUnmarkedAt = rs.getInstant("oldest_unmarked_at"),
             )
         } ?: Backlog(0, null, 0)
 
@@ -274,14 +324,17 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
         backfillNextAt = rs.getInstant("backfill_next_at"),
         backfillAttempts = rs.getInt("backfill_attempts"),
         backfillError = rs.getString("backfill_error"),
+        backfillAbandonedAt = rs.getInstant("backfill_abandoned_at"),
+        backfillAbandonedReason = rs.getString("backfill_abandoned_reason"),
         processingStartedAt = rs.getInstant("processing_started_at"),
-        updatedAt = rs.getInstant("updated_at") ?: Instant.now(),
+        updatedAt = rs.getInstant("updated_at") ?: clock.instant(),
     )
 
     private companion object {
         const val SELECT_PROC =
             "SELECT msg_id, state, identity_key, attempts, next_attempt_at, error_class, last_error, " +
-                "received_at, backfill_at, backfill_next_at, backfill_attempts, backfill_error, processing_started_at, updated_at FROM proc_state"
+                "received_at, backfill_at, backfill_next_at, backfill_attempts, backfill_error, " +
+                "backfill_abandoned_at, backfill_abandoned_reason, processing_started_at, updated_at FROM proc_state"
     }
 }
 
@@ -291,24 +344,82 @@ class JdbcProcStateRepository(
 @Requires(missingProperty = "msgx.stubs")
 class JdbcInboxCursorRepository(
     private val ds: DataSource,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) : InboxCursorRepository {
     override fun load(): InboxCursorRepository.Cursor =
         ds.queryOne(
-            "SELECT committed_up_to, hole_since FROM inbox_cursor WHERE cursor_id = 1",
+            "SELECT committed_up_to, hole_since, seeded_at FROM inbox_cursor WHERE cursor_id = 1",
             {},
-        ) { rs -> InboxCursorRepository.Cursor(rs.getLong("committed_up_to"), rs.getInstant("hole_since")) }
+        ) { rs ->
-            ?: InboxCursorRepository.Cursor()
+            InboxCursorRepository.Cursor(
+                rs.getLong("committed_up_to"),
+                rs.getInstant("hole_since"),
+                rs.getInstant("seeded_at"),
+            )
+        }
+            ?: InboxCursorRepository.Cursor().also {
+                // 缺行不是"水位为 0"的同义词：这里只报一次，随后 save() 会 upsert 自愈。
+                if (missingCursorWarned.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                    log.error("INBOX_CURSOR row (cursor_id=1) is missing; watermark will be re-created on the next save()")
+                }
+            }
 
+    /**
+     * 水位推进必须是 upsert，不能是裸 UPDATE：
+     * 裸 UPDATE 在游标行缺失时影响 0 行且不报错，会让水位永远停在初值、每轮重扫同一批，
+     * 收报静默死锁在第一批。upsert 让缺行自愈，且与入队同事务提交。
+     */
     override fun save(cursor: InboxCursorRepository.Cursor) {
-        ds.update(
+        // 先 UPDATE、缺行再 INSERT：比 ON CONFLICT 更可移植（H2 的 PostgreSQL 兼容模式不支持 ON CONFLICT），
+        // 且 InboxPoller 始终把它放在同一个 PG 事务里提交，因此两条语句对外仍是原子的。
+        // 关键点是**缺行必须能自愈**：裸 UPDATE 影响 0 行却不报错，会让水位永远停在初值、每轮重扫同一批。
+        val updated = ds.update(
             "UPDATE inbox_cursor SET committed_up_to = ?, hole_since = ?, updated_at = ? WHERE cursor_id = 1",
             { ps ->
                 ps.setLong(1, cursor.committedUpTo)
                 ps.setTimestamp(2, cursor.holeSince?.toSqlTimestamp())
-                ps.setTimestamp(3, Instant.now().toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(3, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
+            },
+        )
+        if (updated > 0) return
+        ds.update(
+            "INSERT INTO inbox_cursor (cursor_id, committed_up_to, hole_since, updated_at) VALUES (1, ?, ?, ?)",
+            { ps ->
+                ps.setLong(1, cursor.committedUpTo)
+                ps.setTimestamp(2, cursor.holeSince?.toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(3, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
             },
         )
     }
+
+    /**
+     * 切流播种：一次性写入水位 + 清空空洞计时 + 记录播种事实（同一条语句）。
+     * 与 [save] 分开，普通轮次推进水位不会把播种标记抹掉。
+     */
+    override fun markSeeded(committedUpTo: Long, now: Instant) {
+        val updated = ds.update(
+            "UPDATE inbox_cursor SET committed_up_to = ?, hole_since = NULL, seeded_at = ?, updated_at = ? " +
+                "WHERE cursor_id = 1",
+            { ps ->
+                ps.setLong(1, committedUpTo)
+                ps.setTimestamp(2, now.toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(3, now.toSqlTimestamp())
+            },
+        )
+        if (updated > 0) return
+        ds.update(
+            "INSERT INTO inbox_cursor (cursor_id, committed_up_to, hole_since, seeded_at, updated_at) " +
+                "VALUES (1, ?, NULL, ?, ?)",
+            { ps ->
+                ps.setLong(1, committedUpTo)
+                ps.setTimestamp(2, now.toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(3, now.toSqlTimestamp())
+            },
+        )
+    }
+
+    private val missingCursorWarned = AtomicBoolean(false)
+    private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(JdbcInboxCursorRepository::class.java)
 }
 
 @Singleton
@@ -316,6 +427,7 @@ class JdbcInboxCursorRepository(
 @Requires(missingProperty = "msgx.stubs")
 class JdbcMsgEventRepository(
     private val ds: DataSource,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) : MsgEventRepository {
     override fun insertAll(events: List<MsgEvent>): List<Long> =
         events.map { e ->
@@ -414,7 +526,7 @@ class JdbcMsgEventRepository(
         nextAttemptAt = rs.getInstant("next_attempt_at"),
         errorClass = rs.getString("error_class")?.let(ErrorClass::valueOf),
         lastError = rs.getString("last_error"),
-        createdAt = rs.getInstant("created_at") ?: Instant.now(),
+        createdAt = rs.getInstant("created_at") ?: clock.instant(),
     )
 }
 
@@ -423,6 +535,7 @@ class JdbcMsgEventRepository(
 @Requires(missingProperty = "msgx.stubs")
 class JdbcFlightStateRepository(
     private val ds: DataSource,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) : FlightStateRepository {
 
     private fun mapMainRow(rs: ResultSet) = FlightMainRow(
@@ -431,7 +544,7 @@ class JdbcFlightStateRepository(
         state = FlightState.valueOf(rs.getString("state")),
         stateVersion = rs.getLong("state_version"),
         lastMsgId = rs.getLong("last_msg_id").takeIf { !rs.wasNull() },
-        updatedAt = rs.getInstant("updated_at") ?: Instant.now(),
+        updatedAt = rs.getInstant("updated_at") ?: clock.instant(),
     )
 
     override fun findMainRow(flid: String): FlightMainRow? =
@@ -711,6 +824,7 @@ class JdbcFlightStateRepository(
 @Requires(missingProperty = "msgx.stubs")
 class JdbcSnapshotLogRepository(
     private val ds: DataSource,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) : SnapshotLogRepository {
     /** 只追加写；这里不抛异常，写失败由调用方捕获并记为指标。 */
     override fun append(entry: SnapshotLogEntry) {
@@ -730,7 +844,7 @@ class JdbcSnapshotLogRepository(
                 ps.setString(8, entry.result.name)
                 ps.setString(9, entry.flags.joinToString(",") { it.name })
                 ps.setString(10, entry.archiveKey)
-                ps.setTimestamp(11, Instant.now().toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(11, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
             },
         )
     }
@@ -741,6 +855,7 @@ class JdbcSnapshotLogRepository(
 @Requires(missingProperty = "msgx.stubs")
 class JdbcReqTrackRepository(
     private val ds: DataSource,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) : ReqTrackRepository {
     override fun insert(reqType: String, operationDay: LocalDate, sender: String): Long =
         ds.updateReturningLong(
@@ -749,7 +864,7 @@ class JdbcReqTrackRepository(
                 ps.setString(1, reqType)
                 ps.setDate(2, java.sql.Date.valueOf(operationDay))
                 ps.setString(3, sender)
-                ps.setTimestamp(4, Instant.now().toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(4, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
             },
         )
 
@@ -789,7 +904,7 @@ class JdbcReqTrackRepository(
             )
             """.trimIndent(),
             { ps ->
-                ps.setTimestamp(1, Instant.now().toSqlTimestamp())
+                ps.setTimestamp(1, clock.instant().toSqlTimestamp())
                 ps.setString(2, reqType)
                 ps.setDate(3, java.sql.Date.valueOf(operationDay))
                 ps.setString(4, sender)

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/persistence/jdbc/MailboxDataSourceFactory.kt

@@ -24,6 +24,12 @@ class MailboxDataSourceFactory {
             driverClassName = cfg.driverClassName
             maximumPoolSize = 5
             poolName = "mailbox"
+            // 有界外部调用：连接、取连接、校验都必须有上限，否则一次网络黑洞会永久挂住调用线程。
+            connectionTimeout = cfg.poolConnectionTimeoutMs
+            validationTimeout = cfg.poolValidationTimeoutMs
+            // 驱动级超时通过 dataSourceProperties 透传给 Connector/J（socketTimeout 默认 0 = 无限等待）。
+            addDataSourceProperty("connectTimeout", cfg.connectTimeoutMs.toString())
+            addDataSourceProperty("socketTimeout", cfg.socketTimeoutMs.toString())
         }
         return HikariDataSource(hikari)
     }

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/retry/ProcFailure.kt

@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ class ProcFailure(
                 attempts = attempts,
                 errorClass = ErrorClass.EXHAUSTED,
                 lastError = "$reason; attempts=$attempts",
+                now = scheduler.now(),
             )
             return true
         }

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/retry/ReplayService.kt

@@ -10,11 +10,16 @@ import jakarta.inject.Singleton
  *
  * 只有"再试一次有可能成功"的错误类才放行。报文本身不合法的（MALFORMED）重放多少次都一样，
  * 所以不在白名单里；没列出的错误类也一律不放行。
+ *
+ * 与回填共用同一个 [MessageLifecycleGate]，**必须由容器注入同一个单例**：若两者各持一把锁，
+ * 互斥失效，"旧回填给已重新入队的消息写标记"的窗口就会重新打开。
+ * 装配正确性由 `PipelineSmokeTest` 的同例断言守（不依赖 Kotlin 默认参数值）。
  */
 @Singleton
 class ReplayService(
     private val procState: ProcStateRepository,
-    private val lifecycleGate: MessageLifecycleGate = MessageLifecycleGate(),
+    /** 与回填共用的互斥门；`internal` 以便装配测试断言两者拿到同一实例。 */
+    internal val lifecycleGate: MessageLifecycleGate,
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(ReplayService::class.java)
     /** 可以重放的错误类：解码逻辑修好后能过、处理器补齐后能过、基础设施抖动已恢复、以及重试耗尽但人工复核认为还能再试的。 */

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/stub/StubRepositories.kt

@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@ class StubProcState : ProcStateRepository {
             backfillNextAt = now,
             backfillAttempts = 0,
             backfillError = null,
+            backfillAbandonedAt = null,
+            backfillAbandonedReason = null,
             updatedAt = now,
         )
     }
@@ -151,23 +153,54 @@ class StubProcState : ProcStateRepository {
         }
     }
 
+    override fun markBackfillAbandoned(msgId: Long, reason: String, now: Instant): Boolean {
+        val old = rows[msgId] ?: return false
+        if (old.backfillAt != null || old.backfillAbandonedAt != null) return false
+        // 放弃 ≠ 标记已确认：这里**不**设 backfillAt，清除前提因此仍不成立。
+        rows[msgId] = old.copy(
+            backfillAbandonedAt = now,
+            backfillAbandonedReason = reason,
+            backfillNextAt = null,
+            updatedAt = now,
+        )
+        return true
+    }
+
+    override fun reopenBackfill(msgId: Long, now: Instant): Boolean {
+        val old = rows[msgId] ?: return false
+        if (old.backfillAt != null || old.backfillAbandonedAt == null) return false
+        rows[msgId] = old.copy(
+            backfillAbandonedAt = null,
+            backfillAbandonedReason = null,
+            backfillNextAt = now,
+            updatedAt = now,
+        )
+        return true
+    }
+
     override fun findBackfillDue(now: Instant, overdueBefore: Instant, limit: Int): List<BackfillDue> =
         rows.values
-            .filter { it.state.isTerminal() && it.backfillAt == null }
+            .filter { it.state.isTerminal() && it.backfillAt == null && it.backfillAbandonedAt == null }
             .filter {
                 it.backfillNextAt == null || it.backfillNextAt <= now ||
                     (it.receivedAt != null && it.receivedAt < overdueBefore)
             }
-            .sortedBy { it.msgId }
+            // 公平轮转：先按已尝试次数，再按 msg_id。只按 msg_id 会让最旧的一批永久失败行占满批次。
+            .sortedWith(compareBy({ it.backfillAttempts }, { it.msgId }))
             .take(limit)
             .map { BackfillDue(it.msgId, it.backfillAttempts) }
 
+    override fun hasAny(): Boolean = rows.isNotEmpty()
+
     override fun backlog(): Backlog {
         val unfinished = rows.values.filter { it.state == ProcStatus.PENDING || it.state == ProcStatus.FAILED }
+        val unmarked = rows.values.filter { it.state.isTerminal() && it.backfillAt == null }
         return Backlog(
             unfinished = unfinished.size,
             oldestReceivedAt = unfinished.mapNotNull { it.receivedAt }.minOrNull(),
-            unmarkedTerminal = rows.values.count { it.state.isTerminal() && it.backfillAt == null },
+            unmarkedTerminal = unmarked.size,
+            abandonedBackfill = unmarked.count { it.backfillAbandonedAt != null },
+            oldestUnmarkedAt = unmarked.filter { it.backfillAbandonedAt == null }.mapNotNull { it.receivedAt }.minOrNull(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -404,6 +437,10 @@ class StubInbox : CminmsgInboxRepository {
 
     override fun maxId(): Long? = raws.keys.maxOrNull()
 
+    override fun minId(): Long? = raws.keys.minOrNull()
+
+    override fun existingIds(msgIds: Collection<Long>): Set<Long> = msgIds.filter { raws.containsKey(it) }.toSet()
+
     /** 只写还没有标记的行，并区分已有标记与行缺失。 */
     override fun markProcessedIfUnmarked(msgId: Long, value: String): MailboxMarkResult {
         if (!raws.containsKey(msgId)) return MailboxMarkResult.MISSING
@@ -444,7 +481,12 @@ class StubInboxCursor : InboxCursorRepository {
     override fun load(): InboxCursorRepository.Cursor = cursor
 
     override fun save(cursor: InboxCursorRepository.Cursor) {
-        this.cursor = cursor
+        // 普通轮次只推进水位与空洞计时；播种标记由 markSeeded 负责，不能被这里抹掉。
+        this.cursor = this.cursor.copy(committedUpTo = cursor.committedUpTo, holeSince = cursor.holeSince)
+    }
+
+    override fun markSeeded(committedUpTo: Long, now: Instant) {
+        cursor = InboxCursorRepository.Cursor(committedUpTo = committedUpTo, holeSince = null, seededAt = now)
     }
 }
 

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/ingress/InboxPoller.kt

@@ -6,9 +6,12 @@ import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.InboxCursorRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.MailboxRow
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.PipelineTransactionManager
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.ProcStateRepository
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.metrics.PipelineCounters
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
+import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean
 
 /**
  * 收报：轮询共享信箱，把新消息登记到自有 PG 的 PROC_STATE，等着主泵处理。
@@ -36,6 +39,8 @@ class InboxPoller(
     private val cursor: InboxCursorRepository,
     private val txManager: PipelineTransactionManager,
     private val props: PipelineProps,
+    private val clock: Clock,
+    private val counters: PipelineCounters,
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(InboxPoller::class.java)
 
@@ -44,6 +49,8 @@ class InboxPoller(
 
     /** @return 本轮新登记的消息条数（已登记过的行不计入，也不影响水位推进）。 */
     fun pollOnce(now: Instant = Instant.now()): Int {
+        seedCutoverWatermarkIfConfigured(now)
+        detectLateArrivalsIfDue(now)
         val batch = props.pipeline.claimBatch.coerceAtLeast(1)
         val watermark = cursor.load()
         val rows = mailbox.readRange(watermark.committedUpTo, batch)
@@ -61,6 +68,8 @@ class InboxPoller(
             } else {
                 // 缺口等太久了：当成永久缺失跳过，让水位继续往前走
                 committedTo = rows.first { it.msgId > contiguous }.msgId - 1
+                counters.holeAgedOutIncrement()
+                rememberAgedHoles(contiguous + 1, committedTo)
                 log.warn("hole after W={} aged out, watermark advanced to {}", contiguous, committedTo)
             }
         }
@@ -79,12 +88,114 @@ class InboxPoller(
         return enqueued
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 切流水位播种：**只在显式配置 `msgx.pipeline.cutover-watermark` 时动作，且至多一次**。
+     *
+     * 安全约束（评审要求，逐条对应）：
+     * - 默认不配置即不动作，代码不做默认选择、也不会自动退化成 `max`；
+     * - `SEEDED_AT` 为 NULL **不等于**"从未消费"（已有库新增列后同样是 NULL），
+     *   因此必须叠加"水位为 0 且没有任何处理记录"这条判据；
+     * - 升级实例（已消费过）**拒绝重新播种**；重新切流必须是显式操作；
+     * - 播种事实与水位在同一条语句里落库，失败后下一轮重试不会留下部分状态。
+     * - 信箱为空时无从界定边界，保持未播种（等有行时再判断）。
+     */
+    private fun seedCutoverWatermarkIfConfigured(now: Instant) {
+        val mode = props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark ?: return
+        val current = cursor.load()
+        if (current.seededAt != null) return
+
+        if (current.committedUpTo > 0L || procState.hasAny()) {
+            if (refusedReseed.compareAndSet(false, true)) {
+                log.error(
+                    "cutover-watermark={} is configured but this instance has already consumed messages " +
+                        "(W={}); refusing to re-seed. Re-cutover must be an explicit operation.",
+                    mode, current.committedUpTo,
+                )
+            }
+            return
+        }
+
+        val min = mailbox.minId() ?: return
+        val target = when {
+            mode.equals("min", ignoreCase = true) -> min - 1
+            mode.equals("zero", ignoreCase = true) -> 0L
+            mode.equals("max", ignoreCase = true) -> mailbox.maxId() ?: return
+            else -> mode.toLongOrNull() ?: return   // 非法值已在启动 validate() 挡掉
+        }
+
+        txManager.inTransaction { cursor.markSeeded(target, now) }
+        log.warn("cutover watermark seeded: mode={} W={} (mailbox min={})", mode, target, min)
+    }
+
+    /** "拒绝重新播种"的告警只打一次，避免每轮刷屏。 */
+    private val refusedReseed = AtomicBoolean(false)
+
+    /**
+     * "已被判定为永久空洞"的 ID 监视队列（ACM2-41 阶段 0，只读检测）。
+     *
+     * 为什么只监视这些 ID 就够：水位只会越过两类 ID——连续存在的（已入队）与被判定为永久空洞的。
+     * 因此凡是"水位越过之后才出现在信箱里"的 ID，必然曾经被当作空洞放行过。
+     *
+     * 队列有界（[HOLE_WATCH_LIMIT]），单轮复查量受 `late-detect-batch` 约束；
+     * 它是**进程内**状态，重启后丢失，因此检测是尽力而为的观测（阶段 0 不做补入队）。
+     */
+    private val holeWatch = ArrayDeque<Long>()
+
+    private var lastLateDetectAt: Instant? = null
+
+    /** 记下被放行的空洞 ID（超大空洞只记前一段，避免内存被吃掉）。 */
+    private fun rememberAgedHoles(from: Long, to: Long) {
+        val cap = props.pipeline.lateDetectBatch.coerceAtLeast(1) * 2
+        var id = from
+        var added = 0
+        while (id <= to && added < cap && holeWatch.size < HOLE_WATCH_LIMIT) {
+            holeWatch.addLast(id)
+            id++
+            added++
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 只读的迟到检测：复查监视队列里的 ID 是否**真的出现在信箱里**。
+     * 命中即计数 + 告警，**不入队**（补入队属阶段 1，需先与库方就提交契约定案）。
+     */
+    private fun detectLateArrivalsIfDue(now: Instant) {
+        val period = props.pipeline.lateDetectPeriod
+        if (period.isZero || period.isNegative) return
+        val last = lastLateDetectAt
+        if (last != null && Duration.between(last, now) < period) return
+        lastLateDetectAt = now
+        if (holeWatch.isEmpty()) return
+
+        val batch = props.pipeline.lateDetectBatch.coerceAtLeast(1)
+        val probe = ArrayList<Long>(minOf(batch, holeWatch.size))
+        repeat(minOf(batch, holeWatch.size)) { probe += holeWatch.removeFirst() }
+
+        val present = try {
+            mailbox.existingIds(probe)
+        } catch (e: Exception) {
+            log.warn("late-arrival detection skipped: {}", e.message)
+            probe.forEach { holeWatch.addLast(it) }   // 查不动就把监视放回去，别丢
+            return
+        }
+        if (present.isNotEmpty()) {
+            present.forEach { counters.lateArrivalDetectedIncrement() }
+            log.error(
+                "LATE ARRIVAL: {} message(s) appeared below the watermark after being aged out: {}",
+                present.size, present.sorted().take(20),
+            )
+        }
+        // 已命中的不再监视（计数表示"不同 ID"）；仍未出现的轮转回队尾继续看。
+        probe.filter { it !in present }.forEach { holeWatch.addLast(it) }
+    }
+
     fun loop() {
         running = true
         log.info("inbox poller loop started")
         while (running) {
             try {
-                pollOnce()
+                // 时间一律走注入的 Clock：空洞老化阈值是"等多久算永久缺失"的唯一判据，不能依赖系统时钟。
+                pollOnce(clock.instant())
                 sleepQuietly(props.pipeline.pollInterval)
             } catch (_: InterruptedException) {
                 Thread.currentThread().interrupt()
@@ -123,4 +234,9 @@ class InboxPoller(
             Thread.currentThread().interrupt()
         }
     }
+
+    private companion object {
+        /** 监视队列上限：防止超大空洞把内存吃光（阶段 0 是尽力而为的观测，不追求全覆盖）。 */
+        const val HOLE_WATCH_LIMIT = 4096
+    }
 }

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/ingress/InboxService.kt

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.CminmsgInboxRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.ProcStateRepository
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
+import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Instant
 
 /**
@@ -11,11 +12,15 @@ import java.time.Instant
  *
  * 两步不在同一个事务里（跨库没有事务）。如果信箱写成功、PG 入队失败，原文仍然在信箱里，
  * 收报轮询会按 ID 把它补进来，所以不会丢消息。
+ *
+ * 【缺口】这里**不参与水位**：它直接写 PROC_STATE，因此当水位卡在低位空洞时，
+ * 这条高 ID 会被主泵提前领取，破坏 FIFO。修复方向见 ACM2-37 / message-lifecycle.md §5.1。
  */
 @Singleton
 class InboxService(
     private val inbox: CminmsgInboxRepository,
     private val procState: ProcStateRepository,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(InboxService::class.java)
 
@@ -23,7 +28,14 @@ class InboxService(
 
     fun accept(rawXml: String): Receipt {
         val id = inbox.insertRaw(rawXml)
-        val receivedAt = checkNotNull(inbox.receivedAtOf(id)) { "mailbox receive time missing for msgId=$id" }
+        // 信箱接收时间缺失不能让"已经落信"的写入对外报失败（那会与"确认落信才返回 ID"的
+        // 契约矛盾，并让客户端重试产生额外重复行）。回退到入队时间并留痕；
+        // 时间源用注入的 Clock，保证与收报/回填一致、测试可确定。
+        val mailboxReceivedAt = inbox.receivedAtOf(id)
+        if (mailboxReceivedAt == null) {
+            log.warn("mailbox receive time missing msgId={}, falling back to enqueue time", id)
+        }
+        val receivedAt = mailboxReceivedAt ?: clock.instant()
         procState.insertIfAbsent(id, receivedAt)
         log.info("compat-accepted msgId={}", id)
         return Receipt(id, receivedAt)

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/jobs/JobRunner.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.config.HistoryProps
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.config.PipelineProps
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.BackfillService
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
+import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
 import java.time.LocalDate
@@ -24,6 +25,7 @@ class JobRunner(
     private val historySweep: HistorySweepJob,
     @Suppress("unused") private val pipelineProps: PipelineProps,
     @Suppress("unused") private val historyProps: HistoryProps,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(JobRunner::class.java)
     private val zone: ZoneId = ZoneId.of("Asia/Shanghai")
@@ -65,11 +67,13 @@ class JobRunner(
     }
 
     private fun maybeHistorySweep() {
-        val today = LocalDate.now(zone)
+        // 时区换算后的机场时钟：切日与 03:30 门槛都以机场时区为准，且走注入 Clock（测试可确定）。
+        val airportClock = clock.withZone(zone)
+        val today = LocalDate.now(airportClock)
         if (lastHistoryDay == today) return
-        val now = java.time.LocalTime.now(zone)
+        val now = java.time.LocalTime.now(airportClock)
         if ((now.hour == 3 && now.minute >= 30) || now.hour > 3) {
-            val outcome = historySweep.run()
+            val outcome = historySweep.run(clock.instant())
             lastHistoryDay = today
             if (outcome.selected > 0 || outcome.snapLogPurged > 0) {
                 log.info("history sweep: {}", outcome)

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/processing/BackfillService.kt

@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ class BackfillService(
     private val mailboxProps: MailboxProps,
     private val props: PipelineProps,
     private val clock: Clock,
-    private val lifecycleGate: MessageLifecycleGate = MessageLifecycleGate(),
+    /** 与人工重放共用的互斥门；`internal` 以便装配测试断言两者拿到同一实例。 */
+    internal val lifecycleGate: MessageLifecycleGate,
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(BackfillService::class.java)
 
@@ -43,6 +44,12 @@ class BackfillService(
         private val MAX_BACKOFF: Duration = Duration.ofMinutes(15)
         private val TERMINAL_STATES = setOf(ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, ProcStatus.SKIPPED, ProcStatus.DEAD)
 
+        /** 放弃原因：运行时查询确认信箱行不存在（确定性结论，重试不会改变结果）。 */
+        const val ABANDON_MISSING_ROW = "MISSING_ROW"
+
+        /** 放弃原因：暂时性故障达到尝试上限；停止自动重试，但保留人工恢复能力。 */
+        const val ABANDON_MAX_ATTEMPTS = "MAX_ATTEMPTS"
+
         fun backoffDelayFor(attempts: Int): Duration {
             val shift = (attempts - 1).coerceIn(0, 20)
             return INITIAL_BACKOFF.multipliedBy(1L shl shift).coerceAtMost(MAX_BACKOFF)
@@ -58,15 +65,27 @@ class BackfillService(
             val row = procState.find(msgId) ?: return@exclusive
             if (row.state !in TERMINAL_STATES) return@exclusive
             if (row.backfillAt != null) return@exclusive
+            if (row.backfillAbandonedAt != null) return@exclusive
             record(msgId, attempts = row.backfillAttempts, now = now)?.let {
                 log.warn("backfill failed msgId={} error={} (sweep will retry)", msgId, it)
             }
         }
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 人工恢复入口：清除放弃标记并重排一次回填。
+     * 用于暂时性故障恢复之后，或人工对账确认该行仍应打标之后。
+     */
+    fun reopen(msgId: Long, now: Instant = clock.instant()): Boolean =
+        lifecycleGate.exclusive { procState.reopenBackfill(msgId, now) }
+
     /**
      * 批量补写，由 JobRunner 每 30 秒调用一次。待办状态都在数据库里，
      * 进程重启后接着跑，不需要额外恢复步骤。
+     *
+     * 注意：**调度周期不是完成时限**——扫描与历史作业串行，批次积压、单行调用超时与
+     * 历史作业耗时都会延长实际回填延迟。
+     *
      * @return 本批处理的条数
      */
     fun sweep(now: Instant = clock.instant()): Int {
@@ -75,19 +94,37 @@ class BackfillService(
         return due.size
     }
 
-    /** 回填一条。@return 失败原因；返回 null 表示标记已确认（包括"别的路径已经标过了"）。 */
+    /** 回填一条。@return 失败原因；返回 null 表示已处理完（写成功／早已标记／已放弃）。 */
     private fun record(msgId: Long, attempts: Int, now: Instant): String? =
         try {
-            // 没有真正写进去说明库里已经有标记了，同样算成功（不覆盖已有值）
+            when (mailbox.markProcessedIfUnmarked(msgId, mailboxProps.processedValue)) {
-            val result = mailbox.markProcessedIfUnmarked(msgId, mailboxProps.processedValue)
+                MailboxMarkResult.MARKED, MailboxMarkResult.ALREADY_MARKED -> {
-            check(result != MailboxMarkResult.MISSING) { "mailbox-row-missing" }
+                    // 没有真正写进去说明库里已经有标记了，同样算成功（不覆盖已有值）
-            procState.markBackfilled(msgId, now)
+                    procState.markBackfilled(msgId, now)
-            null
+                    null
+                }
+                MailboxMarkResult.MISSING -> {
+                    // 确定性结论：行不存在，重试不会改变结果。停止自动补偿并把事实留痕。
+                    // 这**不等于**标记已确认（BACKFILL_AT 仍为空），清除前提因此仍然不成立。
+                    procState.markBackfillAbandoned(msgId, ABANDON_MISSING_ROW, now)
+                    log.error("backfill abandoned: mailbox row missing msgId={}", msgId)
+                    null
+                }
+            }
         } catch (e: Exception) {
+            // 超时/连接失败是暂时性的，**不能**当作缺行证据：按退避重试。
+            // 达到上限后停止自动重试（保留人工恢复能力），避免永久占满扫描批次造成饥饿。
             val reason = e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName
-            runCatching {
+            val nextAttempts = attempts + 1
-                procState.recordBackfillFailure(msgId, reason, attempts + 1, now.plus(backoffDelayFor(attempts + 1)), now)
+            if (nextAttempts >= props.pipeline.backfillMaxAttempts) {
-            }.onFailure { log.error("record backfill failure failed msgId={}", msgId, it) }
+                runCatching { procState.markBackfillAbandoned(msgId, ABANDON_MAX_ATTEMPTS, now) }
+                    .onFailure { log.error("abandon backfill failed msgId={}", msgId, it) }
+                log.error("backfill abandoned after {} attempts msgId={} error={}", nextAttempts, msgId, reason)
+            } else {
+                runCatching {
+                    procState.recordBackfillFailure(msgId, reason, nextAttempts, now.plus(backoffDelayFor(nextAttempts)), now)
+                }.onFailure { log.error("record backfill failure failed msgId={}", msgId, it) }
+            }
             reason
         }
 

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/processing/DynamicProcessors.kt

@@ -17,10 +17,12 @@ import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.domain.flight.MergeChange
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.domain.flight.ScheduleRecord
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.FlightStateRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.MsgEventRepository
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.PersistOutcome
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.PipelineLockRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.PipelineTransactionManager
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.ProcStateRepository
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
+import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Instant
 import java.time.ZoneId
 
@@ -39,21 +41,22 @@ class FlopProcessor(
     private val msgEvents: MsgEventRepository,
     private val procState: ProcStateRepository,
     private val mapper: ObjectMapper,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) {
     fun apply(head: ProcState, msg: DecodedMessage, payload: FlopPayload): ApplyResult = txManager.inTransaction {
         lock.lock()
         val current = flightState.loadFullSnapshot(payload.flid)
         if (current == null) {
             // 迟到/未知航班：幂等成功，不创建（创建入口只有 SCHD/ADFT）；终态同事务落库
-            procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)
+            procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = clock.instant())
             return@inTransaction ApplyResult.Succeeded
         }
 
         val change = MergeChange(flid = payload.flid, scalars = payload.scalars, collections = payload.collections)
         val next = FlightStateEngine.mergedState(current, change)
-        flightState.persistFullState(next, msgId = head.msgId, now = Instant.now())
+        flightState.persistFullState(next, msgId = head.msgId, now = clock.instant())
         msgEvents.insertAll(eventsFor(next, mapper))
-        procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)
+        procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = clock.instant())
         ApplyResult.Succeeded
     }
 }
@@ -72,10 +75,11 @@ class FdelProcessor(
     private val msgEvents: MsgEventRepository,
     private val procState: ProcStateRepository,
     private val mapper: ObjectMapper,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) {
     fun apply(head: ProcState, msg: DecodedMessage, payload: FlopPayload): ApplyResult = txManager.inTransaction {
         lock.lock()
-        val deleted = flightState.markDeleted(payload.flid, msgId = head.msgId, now = Instant.now())
+        val deleted = flightState.markDeleted(payload.flid, msgId = head.msgId, now = clock.instant())
         if (deleted) {
             val current = flightState.loadFullSnapshot(payload.flid)
             // 只有"在用 → 删除"这一步才发删除通知，而且和状态变更写在同一个事务里
@@ -105,7 +109,7 @@ class FdelProcessor(
                 ),
             )
         }
-        procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)   // 没删到东西说明是迟到或重复报文，照样算成功
+        procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = clock.instant())   // 没删到东西说明是迟到或重复报文，照样算成功
         ApplyResult.Succeeded
     }
 }
@@ -126,6 +130,7 @@ class AdftProcessor(
     private val procState: ProcStateRepository,
     operationDayProps: OperationDayProps,
     private val mapper: ObjectMapper,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) {
     private val opDay = OperationDayCalculator(
         zone = runCatching { ZoneId.of(operationDayProps.zone) }.getOrElse { ZoneId.of("Asia/Shanghai") },
@@ -133,47 +138,57 @@ class AdftProcessor(
     )
 
     fun apply(head: ProcState, msg: DecodedMessage, record: ScheduleRecord): ApplyResult =
-        txManager.inTransaction {
+        try {
-            lock.lock()
+            txManager.inTransaction {
-            val main = flightState.findMainRow(record.flid)
+                lock.lock()
-            if (main != null && main.state == FlightState.DELETED) {
+                val main = flightState.findMainRow(record.flid)
-                // 已删除的航班重新激活：状态改回 ACTIVE、版本号加一，并登记状态事件
+                if (main != null && main.state == FlightState.DELETED) {
-                if (flightState.revive(record.flid, msgId = head.msgId, now = Instant.now())) {
+                    // 已删除的航班重新激活：状态改回 ACTIVE、版本号加一，并登记状态事件
-                    val current = flightState.loadFullSnapshot(record.flid)
+                    if (flightState.revive(record.flid, msgId = head.msgId, now = clock.instant())) {
-                    if (current != null) {
+                        val current = flightState.loadFullSnapshot(record.flid)
-                        val next = FlightStateEngine.mergedState(current, setOnly(record))
+                        if (current != null) {
-                        flightState.persistFullState(next, msgId = head.msgId, now = Instant.now())
+                            val next = FlightStateEngine.mergedState(current, setOnly(record))
-                        msgEvents.insertAll(eventsFor(next, mapper))
+                            flightState.persistFullState(next, msgId = head.msgId, now = clock.instant())
+                            msgEvents.insertAll(eventsFor(next, mapper))
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // 并发下可能已被别的消息处理掉：不改版本、不重复发事件，但留下痕迹便于对账。
+                        log.warn("adft revive no-op (already active or vanished) msgId={} flid={}", head.msgId, record.flid)
                     }
+                    procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = clock.instant())
+                    return@inTransaction ApplyResult.Succeeded
                 }
-                procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)
-                return@inTransaction ApplyResult.Succeeded
-            }
 
-            val current = flightState.loadFullSnapshot(record.flid)
+                val current = flightState.loadFullSnapshot(record.flid)
-            val next: FlightSnapshot = if (current == null) {
+                val next: FlightSnapshot = if (current == null) {
-                // 新建航班：带了计划时间就算出运营日，算不出来先留空，等日计划报文来收录
+                    // 新建航班：带了计划时间就算出运营日，算不出来先留空，等日计划报文来收录
-                val day = opDay.compute(record.scalars["SODT"])
+                    val day = opDay.compute(record.scalars["SODT"])
-                FlightSnapshot(
+                    FlightSnapshot(
-                    flid = record.flid,
+                        flid = record.flid,
-                    operationDay = day,   // 算不出来就留空，不能默认拿收报当天顶上
+                        operationDay = day,   // 算不出来就留空，不能默认拿收报当天顶上
-                    state = FlightState.ACTIVE,
+                        state = FlightState.ACTIVE,
-                    stateVersion = 1L,
+                        stateVersion = 1L,
-                    scalars = record.scalars,
+                        scalars = record.scalars,
-                    collections = FlightStateEngine.COLLECTION_KEYS.associateWith { key ->
+                        collections = FlightStateEngine.COLLECTION_KEYS.associateWith { key ->
-                        record.collections[key] ?: emptyList()
+                            record.collections[key] ?: emptyList()
-                    },
+                        },
-                )
+                    )
-            } else {
+                } else {
-                FlightStateEngine.mergedState(current, setOnly(record))
+                    FlightStateEngine.mergedState(current, setOnly(record))
+                }
+                val outcome = flightState.persistFullState(next, msgId = head.msgId, now = clock.instant())
+                if (outcome == PersistOutcome.DAY_GUARD_VIOLATION) {
+                    // 运营日冲突是**协议级**问题：与 SCHD 同分类 —— 整笔回滚、不重试、交人工。
+                    // 若按 INFRA 抛出去，会被当成暂时性故障白白重试到耗尽，并给出误导的错误类别。
+                    throw ProtocolViolation("operation-day guard violated flid=${record.flid}")
+                }
+                msgEvents.insertAll(eventsFor(next, mapper))
+                procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = clock.instant())
+                ApplyResult.Succeeded
             }
-            val outcome = flightState.persistFullState(next, msgId = head.msgId, now = Instant.now())
+        } catch (e: ProtocolViolation) {
-            check(outcome != com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.PersistOutcome.DAY_GUARD_VIOLATION) {
+            log.error("adft DEAD(PROTOCOL) msgId={} reason={}", head.msgId, e.message)
-                "operation-day guard violated flid=${record.flid}"
+            ApplyResult.DeadProtocol(e.message ?: "protocol-violation")
-            }
-            msgEvents.insertAll(eventsFor(next, mapper))
-            procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)
-            ApplyResult.Succeeded
         }
 
     /**
@@ -185,6 +200,10 @@ class AdftProcessor(
         scalars = record.scalars,
         collections = record.collections,
     )
+
+    private companion object {
+        private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(AdftProcessor::class.java)
+    }
 }
 
 // =====================================================================

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/processing/Pump.kt

@@ -11,12 +11,14 @@ import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.domain.ProcState
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.domain.ProcStatus
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.log.TraceLog
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.CminmsgInboxRepository
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.InboxCursorRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.ProcStateRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.retry.ProcFailure
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
 import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Duration
 import java.time.Instant
+import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong
 
 /**
  * 处理主泵：一个线程按消息 ID 从小到大一条条处理，保证先来的先处理。
@@ -33,13 +35,16 @@ import java.time.Instant
 @Singleton
 class Pump(
     private val procState: ProcStateRepository,
+    private val cursor: InboxCursorRepository,
     private val processor: MessageProcessor,
-    private val backfill: BackfillService,
     private val props: PipelineProps,
     private val clock: Clock,
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(Pump::class.java)
 
+    /** 连续失败计数：仅用于日志/排障，不代表业务状态。 */
+    private val tickFailures = AtomicLong(0)
+
     @Volatile
     private var running = true
 
@@ -52,11 +57,15 @@ class Pump(
         while (running) {
             try {
                 tick()
+                tickFailures.set(0)
             } catch (e: InterruptedException) {
                 Thread.currentThread().interrupt()
                 return
             } catch (e: Exception) {
-                // 兜底：单条消息的失败状态已在 processOne 内记录，这里只避免线程退出
+                // 兜底：单条消息的失败状态已在 processOne 内记录；但 tick 整体失败（DB 断连、
+                // 锁超时）在别处没有痕迹，必须留日志，否则排障无据可查。
+                val failures = tickFailures.incrementAndGet()
+                log.error("pump tick failed (failure #{})", failures, e)
                 sleepQuietly(props.pipeline.pollInterval)
             }
         }
@@ -64,10 +73,25 @@ class Pump(
 
     internal fun tick() {
         val head = procState.headUnfinished()
+        if (head == null) {
+            sleepQuietly(props.pipeline.pollInterval)
+            return
+        }
+        // 只领取"已被水位覆盖"的队头（`msgId <= W`）。
+        //
+        // 水位以内的行都是收报按 ID 顺序发现并登记的；水位之外的行只可能来自兼容入口
+        // 直接写 PROC_STATE（它不参与水位）。若允许领取，它就会越过那些尚未入队的较小 ID，
+        // 破坏 FIFO（缺口 G2）。这种行在空洞补齐、`W` 追平之后自然可领取。
+        val watermark = cursor.load().committedUpTo
+        if (head.msgId > watermark) {
+            warnBeyondWatermark(head.msgId, watermark)
+            sleepQuietly(props.pipeline.pollInterval)
+            return
+        }
         when {
-            head == null -> sleepQuietly(props.pipeline.pollInterval)
             head.state == ProcStatus.FAILED && poisoned(head) -> {
                 log.error("poison -> DEAD msgId={} attempts={} lastError={}", head.msgId, head.attempts, head.lastError)
+                // markTerminal 在同一条 UPDATE 里登记回填意图；回填由扫描补写，不在这里做跨库写。
                 procState.markTerminal(
                     head.msgId, ProcStatus.DEAD,
                     errorClass = ErrorClass.EXHAUSTED,
@@ -75,7 +99,6 @@ class Pump(
                     attempts = head.attempts,
                     now = clock.instant(),
                 )
-                backfill.attempt(head.msgId)
             }
             head.state == ProcStatus.FAILED && (head.nextAttemptAt ?: Instant.EPOCH) > clock.instant() ->
                 sleepQuietly(Duration.between(clock.instant(), head.nextAttemptAt))
@@ -90,6 +113,19 @@ class Pump(
     private fun poisoned(head: ProcState): Boolean =
         isHeadPoisoned(head, clock.instant(), props)
 
+    /** 上一次"队头在水位之外"告警时的水位值：只在它变化时告警，避免每秒刷屏。 */
+    private val warnedWatermark = AtomicLong(Long.MIN_VALUE)
+
+    private fun warnBeyondWatermark(msgId: Long, watermark: Long) {
+        if (warnedWatermark.getAndSet(watermark) != watermark) {
+            log.warn(
+                "head msgId={} is beyond watermark W={}; waiting for discovery " +
+                    "(row injected by the compat entry point?)",
+                msgId, watermark,
+            )
+        }
+    }
+
     private fun sleepQuietly(d: Duration) {
         if (!d.isNegative && !d.isZero) Thread.sleep(d.toMillis().coerceAtLeast(1))
     }
@@ -100,10 +136,11 @@ internal fun isHeadPoisoned(head: ProcState, now: Instant, props: PipelineProps)
         Duration.between(head.processingStartedAt ?: head.updatedAt, now) >= props.pipeline.headDeadline
 
 /**
- * 处理一条消息：读原文 → 解码 → 绑定业务身份 → 分派给对应处理器 → 提交后回填标记。
+ * 处理一条消息：读原文 → 解码 → 绑定业务身份 → 分派给对应处理器。
  *
- * 业务数据和终态由各处理器在自己的事务里写入。终态一旦落下（成功、跳过或死信），
+ * 业务数据、终态与回填意图都由各处理器在自己的事务里写入（终态与回填意图是同一条 UPDATE）。
- * 这里马上试一次把处理标记写回信箱；写不进去也没关系，回填扫描会按退避继续重试。
+ * **这里不做信箱回填**：主泵是 FIFO 关键路径，跨库写会把它绑在共享 MySQL 的可用性上。
+ * 回填由 `JobRunner` 定时的 `BackfillService.sweep` 驱动（调度周期不等于完成时限）。
  *
  * 任何意外异常都算在当前这条消息头上（记 FAILED(INFRA) 后重试），不会把主泵线程带崩。
  * 报文非法和整包协议拒绝不重试，直接进死信等人工处置。
@@ -118,14 +155,14 @@ class MessageProcessor(
     private val fdelProcessor: FdelProcessor,
     private val adftProcessor: AdftProcessor,
     private val procFailure: ProcFailure,
-    private val backfill: BackfillService,
     private val props: PipelineProps,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) {
     private val log = org.slf4j.LoggerFactory.getLogger(MessageProcessor::class.java)
 
     fun processOne(head: ProcState) {
         TraceLog.withTrace(head.msgId) {
-            val terminal = try {
+            try {
                 processInternal(head)
             } catch (e: InterruptedException) {
                 Thread.currentThread().interrupt()
@@ -135,13 +172,10 @@ class MessageProcessor(
                 log.warn("processOne unexpected failure msgId={} ec=INFRA msg={}", head.msgId, e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName)
                 procFailure.fail(head, ErrorClass.INFRA, e.message ?: e.javaClass.simpleName)
             }
-            // 终态已经写好了，马上试一次回填；写不进去也没关系，回填扫描会按退避继续重试
-            // （待办在写终态时就一起登记了）。还没处理完的消息不打标记。
-            if (terminal) backfill.attempt(head.msgId)
         }
     }
 
-    /** @return 这条消息是否已经落到终态（只有终态才允许回填信箱标记） */
+    /** @return 这条消息是否落到终态；回填由扫描驱动，调用方不再据此立即回填。 */
     private fun processInternal(head: ProcState): Boolean {
         // 守卫：手工/遗留 FAILED 行若 attempts 已达上限，直接终态（防止退避到期后无限重试）
         if (head.state == ProcStatus.FAILED && procFailure.scheduler.exhausted(head.attempts)) {
@@ -151,6 +185,7 @@ class MessageProcessor(
                 errorClass = ErrorClass.EXHAUSTED,
                 lastError = head.lastError ?: "max-attempts",
                 attempts = head.attempts,
+                now = clock.instant(),
             )
             return true
         }
@@ -179,7 +214,7 @@ class MessageProcessor(
             if (!procState.tryBindIdentity(head.msgId, identity)) {
                 val owner = procState.ownerOfIdentity(identity) ?: -1L
                 log.info("duplicate-of:{} -> SKIPPED msgId={}", owner, head.msgId)
-                procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SKIPPED, lastError = "duplicate-of:$owner")
+                procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SKIPPED, lastError = "duplicate-of:$owner", now = clock.instant())
                 return true
             }
         }
@@ -223,6 +258,7 @@ class MessageProcessor(
                 head.msgId, ProcStatus.DEAD,
                 errorClass = ErrorClass.PROTOCOL,
                 lastError = result.reason.take(1000),
+                now = clock.instant(),
             )
             return true
         }
@@ -233,7 +269,7 @@ class MessageProcessor(
     }
 
     private fun deadMalformed(head: ProcState, detail: String): Boolean {
-        procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.DEAD, errorClass = ErrorClass.MALFORMED, lastError = detail)
+        procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.DEAD, errorClass = ErrorClass.MALFORMED, lastError = detail, now = clock.instant())
         return true
     }
 }

src/main/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/processing/ScheduleProcessor.kt

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.PipelineTransactionManager
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.ProcStateRepository
 import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.SnapshotLogRepository
 import jakarta.inject.Singleton
+import java.time.Clock
 import java.time.Instant
 import java.time.LocalDate
 import java.time.ZoneId
@@ -66,9 +67,11 @@ class ScheduleProcessor(
     private val snapshotLog: SnapshotLogRepository,
     operationDayProps: OperationDayProps,
     private val mapper: ObjectMapper,
+    private val clock: Clock,
 ) {
+    private val zone: ZoneId = runCatching { ZoneId.of(operationDayProps.zone) }.getOrElse { ZoneId.of("Asia/Shanghai") }
     private val opDay = OperationDayCalculator(
-        zone = runCatching { ZoneId.of(operationDayProps.zone) }.getOrElse { ZoneId.of("Asia/Shanghai") },
+        zone = zone,
         cutoffHour = operationDayProps.cutoffHour,
     )
 
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ class ScheduleProcessor(
             // 报文合法但没有记录：不写航班，但终态与回填意图仍在锁事务内一起提交
             txManager.inTransaction {
                 lock.lock()
-                procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)
+                procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = clock.instant())
             }
             logSnapshot(head, body, SnapshotResult.COMMITTED, upserted = 0, setOf(SnapshotFlag.EMPTY), started)
             return ApplyResult.Succeeded
@@ -123,8 +126,10 @@ class ScheduleProcessor(
 
                 var written = 0
                 val events = mutableListOf<MsgEvent>()
+                // 一次建索引，避免在航班级循环里反复线性扫描（大日计划下是 O(N²)）。
+                val recordsByFlid = body.records.associateBy { it.flid }
                 ok.perRecordDay.forEach { (flid, day) ->
-                    val record = body.records.first { it.flid == flid }
+                    val record = recordsByFlid.getValue(flid)
                     val existingMain = mains[flid]
                     val keepDeleted = existingMain?.state == FlightState.DELETED
                     if (keepDeleted) flags.add(SnapshotFlag.SCHD_REVIVE_CONFLICT)   // 日计划不会让已删除的航班复活
@@ -135,7 +140,7 @@ class ScheduleProcessor(
                         operationDay = day,
                         keepDeleted = keepDeleted,
                     )
-                    when (flightState.persistFullState(next, msgId = head.msgId, now = Instant.now())) {
+                    when (flightState.persistFullState(next, msgId = head.msgId, now = clock.instant())) {
                         PersistOutcome.DAY_GUARD_VIOLATION ->
                             throw ProtocolViolation("operation-day guard violated flid=$flid")
                         else -> written++
@@ -144,7 +149,7 @@ class ScheduleProcessor(
                 }
                 if (events.isNotEmpty()) msgEvents.insertAll(events)
                 // 终态与回填待办跟业务数据同事务提交：要么全成，要么全回滚
-                procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)
+                procState.markTerminal(head.msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = clock.instant())
                 written
             }
             logSnapshot(head, body, SnapshotResult.COMMITTED, upserted, flags, started)
@@ -192,9 +197,9 @@ class ScheduleProcessor(
             snapshotLog.append(
                 SnapshotLogEntry(
                     msgId = head.msgId,
-                    recvAt = Instant.now(),
+                    recvAt = clock.instant(),
-                    scopeStart = days.minOrNull() ?: LocalDate.now(),
+                    scopeStart = days.minOrNull() ?: LocalDate.now(zone),
-                    scopeEnd = days.maxOrNull() ?: LocalDate.now(),
+                    scopeEnd = days.maxOrNull() ?: LocalDate.now(zone),
                     recs = body.records.size,
                     upserted = upserted,
                     durationMs = (System.nanoTime() - startedNanos) / 1_000_000,

src/main/resources/application.yml

@@ -16,12 +16,17 @@ msgx:
     poll-interval: 1s               # KEEP 现役 1s 轮询节奏
     claim-batch: 50
     max-attempts: 5                 # 处理/投递同值
-    backoff-ms: [1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000]   # 指数退避，单次封顶 60s
+    backoff-ms: [1000, 2000, 4000, 8000]          # 指数退避；档位数必须 = max-attempts - 1（启动自检）
     backoff-cap-ms: 60000
     head-deadline: 10m              # 队头滞留上界 = 最坏 HOL 时长（毒丸升级）
     max-commit-delay: 5m            # §5.1 空洞老化：W+1 空洞超过该时延判定为永久（Q2 最大提交时延）
     overdue-backfill: 30d           # §5.2 超期补写期限 R：≥ 人工重放期限 + 人工处置期限（Q6）
     backfill-batch: 100             # 回填扫描单批条数
+    backfill-max-attempts: 100      # 回填自动重试上限；达上限停止自动重试（可人工恢复），避免占满批次
+    # 一次性切流播种：默认（注释掉）不播种。min=读现存全部 | zero=从 0 按空洞规则 | max=跳过可见存量 | <id>
+    # cutover-watermark: min
+    late-detect-period: 60s         # 迟到到达检测（只读，阶段 0）：复查被放行的空洞 ID 是否后来真的出现；0=关闭
+    late-detect-batch: 200          # 每轮最多复查多少个空洞 ID
     autostart: false                # U07：启动即拉起 Pump/Dispatcher 循环；需真实仓储或 msgx.stubs=true 才开启（dev 见 application-dev.yml）
   schd:
     flush-period: 3s                # KEEP 现役推送节律
@@ -55,6 +60,16 @@ datasources:
     username: ${MSGX_PG_USER}
     password: ${MSGX_PG_PASSWORD}
     driver-class-name: org.postgresql.Driver
+    # 有界外部调用：取连接/校验/空闲/寿命都有上限，避免线程无界等待。
+    # 注意 Micronaut 的 Hikari 配置项是**毫秒数（long）**，不是 Duration 字面量。
+    connection-timeout: 5000
+    validation-timeout: 3000
+    idle-timeout: 300000
+    max-lifetime: 1800000
+    # 驱动级超时（秒）：connectTimeout/socketTimeout，防止网络黑洞挂住调用线程。
+    data-source-properties:
+      connectTimeout: 3
+      socketTimeout: 30
 
 flyway:
   datasources:
@@ -73,6 +88,11 @@ mailbox:
     username: ${MSGX_MAILBOX_USER}
     password: ${MSGX_MAILBOX_PASSWORD}
     driver-class-name: com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
+    # 有界外部调用（必填语义，默认即有限）：Connector/J 默认 socketTimeout=0 = 无限等待
+    connect-timeout-ms: 3000
+    socket-timeout-ms: 30000
+    pool-connection-timeout-ms: 5000
+    pool-validation-timeout-ms: 3000
 
 kafka:
   bootstrap:

src/main/resources/db/migration/V4__backfill_closure.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+-- =====================================================================
+-- V4：回填闭环
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- 只动自有 PostgreSQL；共享 MySQL 不建表、不改结构。
+--
+-- 这次迁移解决两个问题：
+--
+-- 1) "放弃回填"需要显式语义（新增 BACKFILL_ABANDONED_AT / BACKFILL_ABANDONED_REASON）
+--    原先"信箱行不存在"（MISSING）被当成可重试失败：记录会每 30 秒重试且永不收敛，
+--    unmarkedTerminal 指标只涨不落。现在把两类情况分开：
+--      · 运行时查询确认行不存在（确定性结论，重试不改变结果）→ 立即放弃自动重试；
+--      · 超时/连接失败（暂时性）→ 继续按退避重试，达到上限后放弃自动重试。
+--    **放弃 ≠ 标记已确认**：BACKFILL_AT 仍为空，因此不满足"边界内全部行已打标"的
+--    清除前提，库方不应据此清除。放弃行留有原因字段，并支持人工恢复（清标记后重排一次）。
+--
+-- 2) 扫描公平性（重建索引）
+--    原扫描按 MSG_ID 升序取批：最旧的一批永久失败行会持续占满批次，后面的记录永远
+--    轮不到（全局回填饥饿）。现在按 (BACKFILL_ATTEMPTS, MSG_ID) 轮转，并把已放弃的
+--    行排除在扫描之外，保证新行一定能拿到名额。
+--
+-- 明确不做：**不按年龄做任何存量推断**。"终态 + 从未尝试 + 接收时间早于保留窗"不能
+-- 证明信箱行已删除，V2 用 UPDATED_AT 兜底也不构成删除证据；按年龄批量置 abandoned
+-- 会把仍存在且未标记的旧行永久排除出扫描，反而阻断"边界内全部行已打标"。
+-- 存量行一律保留原语义，交由运行时 MISSING 或人工对账处置。
+-- =====================================================================
+
+ALTER TABLE PROC_STATE ADD COLUMN BACKFILL_ABANDONED_AT     TIMESTAMP(6) WITH TIME ZONE;
+ALTER TABLE PROC_STATE ADD COLUMN BACKFILL_ABANDONED_REASON VARCHAR(64);
+
+-- 回填扫描：只覆盖仍需自动回填的行，并支持 (attempts, msg_id) 的公平轮转顺序。
+DROP INDEX IF EXISTS idx_proc_backfill_due;
+CREATE INDEX idx_proc_backfill_due ON PROC_STATE (BACKFILL_ATTEMPTS, MSG_ID)
+  WHERE BACKFILL_AT IS NULL AND BACKFILL_ABANDONED_AT IS NULL;

src/main/resources/db/migration/V5__cutover_seed.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+-- =====================================================================
+-- V5：切流水位播种（一次性、显式）
+-- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+-- 只动自有 PostgreSQL；共享 MySQL 不建表、不改结构。
+--
+-- 背景：`max-commit-delay` 的空洞老化只在"水位后面出现缺号"时起作用。若第一次对着一个
+-- 已有数据的信箱启动（尤其最老分区已被 DROP、MIN(ID) 远大于 1），水位从 0 起会把 ID=1
+-- 判成空洞，白等一个老化窗口才前进；而 W=0 又意味着会把保留期内全部存量重新入队。
+-- 两种后果都不是代码能替业务决定的，因此这里只提供**显式的、一次性的**播种机制。
+--
+-- 语义：
+--   · 默认（未配置 msgx.pipeline.cutover-watermark）不播种，保持既有行为；
+--   · 四种模式严格区分：min = W:MIN(ID)-1（读当前全部现存行）、zero = W:0（按空洞规则从 0 扫）、
+--     max = W:MAX(ID)（跳过当前可见存量）、<id> = 显式边界；
+--   · 代码**不做默认选择**，也不会自动退化成 max；
+--   · 升级实例（已有水位或已有处理记录）**拒绝重新播种**，重新切流必须是显式操作；
+--   · SEEDED_AT 记录"已播种"这一事实；注意它**为 NULL 不等于"从未消费"**——
+--     已有库新增列后同样是 NULL，因此判据必须叠加"确实没有消费过"。
+-- =====================================================================
+
+ALTER TABLE INBOX_CURSOR ADD COLUMN SEEDED_AT TIMESTAMP(6) WITH TIME ZONE;

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/PipelineSmokeTest.kt

@@ -14,9 +14,15 @@ import io.micronaut.context.ApplicationContext
 import io.micronaut.test.extensions.junit5.annotation.MicronautTest
 import jakarta.inject.Inject
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertSame
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import java.time.Instant
+import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
 
 /**
  * 不接任何外部中间件，用内存实现把整条链跑通：
@@ -59,6 +65,18 @@ class PipelineSmokeTest {
         assertNotNull(controller)
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 装配不变量：回填与人工重放必须共用**同一个** [com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.MessageLifecycleGate]。
+     * 若两者各持一把锁，互斥失效，"旧回填给已重新入队的消息写标记"的窗口会重新打开。
+     * 这条断言取代了以前"靠 Kotlin 默认参数值兜底"的隐患。
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `backfill and replay share the same lifecycle gate`() {
+        val backfill = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.BackfillService::class.java)
+        val replay = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.retry.ReplayService::class.java)
+        assertSame(backfill.lifecycleGate, replay.lifecycleGate)
+    }
+
     companion object {
         /** 报文头合法，但类型没有对应处理器，会走"暂不支持、先重试"这条路 */
         val UNSUPPORTED_XML = """
@@ -73,6 +91,8 @@ class PipelineSmokeTest {
         val receipt = controller.send(UNSUPPORTED_XML)
         assertNotNull(receipt.body())                       // 受理 ID
         val id = receipt.body()!!.toLong()
+        // 兼容入口只保证"已落信 + 已入队"，**不推进水位**；必须先被收报发现（W 追平）才可领取。
+        ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress.InboxPoller::class.java).pollOnce()
 
         pump.tick()                                         // 解码成功但无 DELY Handler → FAILED(UNSUPPORTED)
 
@@ -89,6 +109,7 @@ class PipelineSmokeTest {
     fun `replay reopens failed UNSUPPORTED row to PENDING`() {
         val receipt = controller.send(UNSUPPORTED_XML)
         val id = receipt.body()!!.toLong()
+        ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress.InboxPoller::class.java).pollOnce()
         pump.tick()
         val stub = ctx.getBean(StubProcState::class.java)
         assertEquals(ProcStatus.FAILED, stub.snapshotOf(id)!!.state)
@@ -103,22 +124,31 @@ class PipelineSmokeTest {
     }
 
     /**
-     * 回归用例：死信在进入终态时同时记下回填待办，并马上把标记写回信箱。
+     * 回归用例：死信在进入终态时同时记下回填意图（同一条 UPDATE），由回填扫描把标记写回信箱。
      * 少了这一步，这些行永远占着每批的名额，攒够一批就再也发现不了新消息了。
+     *
+     * 注意：主泵**不再**在终态后立即回填（跨库写不能占用 FIFO 关键路径），
+     * 因此这里显式触发一次扫描来验证回填链路。
      */
     @Test
-    fun `dead letter reaches terminal state, gets marked and cannot block later discovery`() {
+    fun `dead letter reaches terminal state, gets marked by sweep and cannot block later discovery`() {
         val inbox = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInbox::class.java)
         val proc = ctx.getBean(StubProcState::class.java)
         val dead = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")
         ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress.InboxPoller::class.java).pollOnce()
 
-        pump.tick()   // 解码 MALFORMED → DEAD + 回填意图（同一条 UPDATE）→ 提交后立即回填
+        pump.tick()   // 解码 MALFORMED → DEAD + 回填意图（同一条 UPDATE）
 
         val row = proc.find(dead)!!
         assertEquals(ProcStatus.DEAD, row.state)
         assertEquals(ErrorClass.MALFORMED, row.errorClass)
-        assertNotNull(row.backfillAt)
+        assertNotNull(row.backfillNextAt)          // 终态已登记回填意图
+        assertFalse(inbox.isMarked(dead))          // 主泵不再内联回填
+        assertNull(row.backfillAt)
+
+        ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.BackfillService::class.java).sweep()
+
+        assertNotNull(proc.find(dead)!!.backfillAt)
         assertTrue(inbox.isMarked(dead))
 
         val fresh = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")
@@ -126,6 +156,105 @@ class PipelineSmokeTest {
         assertNotNull(proc.find(fresh))   // 死信不阻断后续发现
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 不变量：非业务型终态（MALFORMED / PROTOCOL / SKIPPED / EXHAUSTED）**不触碰航班表、也不登记待发事件**——
+     * 它们只写 `PROC_STATE` 一条记录（终态与回填意图是同一条 UPDATE）。
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `non-business terminal states touch neither flight tables nor outbox`() {
+        val inbox = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInbox::class.java)
+        val proc = ctx.getBean(StubProcState::class.java)
+        val flights = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubFlightState::class.java)
+        val events = ctx.getBean(StubMsgEvents::class.java)
+        val id = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")          // 非法报文（无 META）→ MALFORMED
+        ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress.InboxPoller::class.java).pollOnce()
+
+        pump.tick()
+
+        assertEquals(ProcStatus.DEAD, proc.find(id)!!.state)
+        assertEquals(ErrorClass.MALFORMED, proc.find(id)!!.errorClass)
+        assertTrue(flights.mains.isEmpty())                     // 没碰航班表
+        assertTrue(events.rows.isEmpty())                       // 没登记待发事件
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 【缺口基线 · G5】毒丸升级路径**不在** `MessageLifecycleGate` 内：即使门被别的线程持有，
+     * 它也会照常把队头置为 `DEAD`。这不是期望行为（与人工重放并发时存在窗口），
+     * 而是当前实现的已知缺口；把门覆盖到毒丸路径后，本用例必须反转成"先等待门"。
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `baseline - poison escalation writes DEAD without taking the lifecycle gate`() {
+        val proc = ctx.getBean(StubProcState::class.java)
+        val props = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.config.PipelineProps::class.java)
+        val backfill = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.BackfillService::class.java)
+        // 队头必须在水位以内才可领取：直接播种 PROC_STATE 的用例要显式把水位推上去。
+        ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInboxCursor::class.java)
+            .save(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.InboxCursorRepository.Cursor(committedUpTo = 9001L))
+        proc.insertIfAbsent(9001L, Instant.now())
+        proc.update(
+            9001L, ProcStatus.FAILED,
+            attempts = props.pipeline.maxAttempts,
+            lastError = "boom",
+        )
+
+        val held = CountDownLatch(1)
+        val release = CountDownLatch(1)
+        val holder = Thread.ofPlatform().daemon(true).start {
+            backfill.lifecycleGate.exclusive {
+                held.countDown()
+                release.await()
+            }
+        }
+        try {
+            assertTrue(held.await(1, TimeUnit.SECONDS), "持有者必须先拿到 gate")
+            val ticker = Thread.ofPlatform().start { pump.tick() }
+            ticker.join(2_000)
+            assertFalse(ticker.isAlive, "毒丸路径不应等待 lifecycle gate（已知 G5 缺口）")
+            assertEquals(ProcStatus.DEAD, proc.find(9001L)!!.state)
+            assertEquals(ErrorClass.EXHAUSTED, proc.find(9001L)!!.errorClass)
+        } finally {
+            release.countDown()
+            holder.join(1_000)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * FIFO 修复（G2）端到端验收：兼容入口写入的高 ID **不会被提前领取**，
+     * 必须等水位追平（较小 ID 补齐并入队）之后才按顺序处理。
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `compat injected high id is not claimed until the watermark catches up`() {
+        val inbox = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInbox::class.java)
+        val proc = ctx.getBean(StubProcState::class.java)
+        val cursor = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInboxCursor::class.java)
+        val poller = ctx.getBean(com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress.InboxPoller::class.java)
+
+        // 信箱：1 存在、2 是空洞（被删）、3 存在 → 水位停在 1
+        inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")
+        val hole = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")
+        inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")
+        inbox.removeRow(hole)
+        poller.pollOnce(Instant.now())
+        assertEquals(1L, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)
+
+        // 兼容入口写入高 ID：直接进 PG，但水位没追平（这正是原来的越序路径）
+        val high = controller.send(UNSUPPORTED_XML).body()!!.toLong()
+        assertTrue(high > 3L)
+
+        pump.tick()                                        // 先按 FIFO 处理 ID=1
+        assertEquals(ProcStatus.DEAD, proc.find(1L)!!.state)
+        pump.tick()                                        // 队头变成高 ID，但它在水位之外 → 不领取
+        assertEquals(ProcStatus.PENDING, proc.find(high)!!.state)
+
+        // 空洞补齐 → 水位追平 → 才允许继续按顺序处理
+        inbox.restoreRow(hole, "<MSG/>", Instant.now())
+        poller.pollOnce(Instant.now())
+        assertTrue(cursor.cursor.committedUpTo >= high)
+        repeat(3) { pump.tick() }                          // 依次处理 2、3、高 ID
+        assertEquals(ProcStatus.FAILED, proc.find(high)!!.state)
+        assertEquals(ErrorClass.UNSUPPORTED, proc.find(high)!!.errorClass)
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun `dispatcher flushes schd batch through stub port`() {
         val events = ctx.getBean(StubMsgEvents::class.java)

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/config/PipelinePropsTest.kt

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.config
 
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertThrows
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 
 /**
@@ -15,11 +16,36 @@ class PipelinePropsTest {
     fun `backoff follows table then caps`() {
         assertEquals(1000, pipeline.backoffFor(1))
         assertEquals(2000, pipeline.backoffFor(2))
-        assertEquals(16000, pipeline.backoffFor(5))
+        assertEquals(8000, pipeline.backoffFor(4))     // 最后一档：max-attempts - 1 = 4
-        assertEquals(60_000, pipeline.backoffFor(6))   // 表外 → 封顶
+        assertEquals(60_000, pipeline.backoffFor(5))   // 表外 → 封顶
         assertEquals(60_000, pipeline.backoffFor(99))
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 配置自检：档位数必须等于 max-attempts − 1，否则有一段退避**永远走不到**
+     * （这正是默认配置曾经的错误：5 次尝试配了 5 档，16 秒档不可达）。
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `validate rejects a backoff table whose size does not match max-attempts`() {
+        pipeline.validate()   // 默认配置必须自洽
+
+        pipeline.backoffMs = listOf(1000, 2000, 4000, 8000, 16000)
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException::class.java) { pipeline.validate() }
+    }
+
+    /** 切流播种只接受 min|zero|max|<id>：非法值必须在启动时挡掉。 */
+    @Test
+    fun `validate rejects an unknown cutover watermark mode`() {
+        pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "bogus"
+        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException::class.java) { pipeline.validate() }
+
+        pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "max"
+        pipeline.validate()
+
+        pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "12345"
+        pipeline.validate()
+    }
+
     @Test
     fun `non-positive attempt never throws and falls back to first slot`() {
         assertEquals(1000, pipeline.backoffFor(0))

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/health/HealthIndicatorsTest.kt

@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ class HealthIndicatorsTest {
         val oldest = MutableClock.BASE.minusSeconds(3600)
         proc.insertIfAbsent(1L, oldest)
         proc.insertIfAbsent(2L, MutableClock.BASE)
-        proc.markTerminal(2L, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)
+        proc.markTerminal(2L, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = MutableClock.BASE)
         val newest = inbox.insertRaw("<MSG/>")
         cursor.save(InboxCursorRepository.Cursor(committedUpTo = newest - 2))
 
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class HealthIndicatorsTest {
 
     @Test
     fun `inbox lifecycle stays up when ports are not bound`() {
-        val result = lifecycleHealth(procState = null, cursor = null, mailbox = null)
+        val result = lifecycleHealth(procState = null, cursor = null, mailbox = null, now = MutableClock.BASE)
 
         assertEquals(HealthStatus.UP, result.status)   // 可用性由依赖自身指示器承担
     }

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/metrics/PipelineMetricsTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.metrics
+
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.domain.ProcStatus
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubProcState
+import io.micrometer.core.instrument.MeterRegistry
+import io.micronaut.context.ApplicationContext
+import io.micronaut.context.annotation.Property
+import io.micronaut.test.extensions.junit5.annotation.MicronautTest
+import jakarta.inject.Inject
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import java.time.Instant
+
+/**
+ * 指标接入回归：管道关键量必须真的注册进 `MeterRegistry` 且取数正确。
+ * 抓取端点由 Micronaut Micrometer 提供，这里只验证"注册 + 取值"。
+ *
+ * 缓存窗口在测试里置 0，保证断言看到的是当前 stub 状态而不是缓存快照。
+ */
+@MicronautTest
+@Property(name = "msgx.health.backlog-cache-ttl-ms", value = "0")
+class PipelineMetricsTest {
+
+    @Inject
+    lateinit var ctx: ApplicationContext
+
+    @Inject
+    lateinit var registry: MeterRegistry
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    fun clean() {
+        ctx.getBean(StubProcState::class.java).clear()
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `backlog gauges are registered and reflect the current pipeline state`() {
+        val proc = ctx.getBean(StubProcState::class.java)
+        val t0 = Instant.parse("2026-09-08T03:00:00Z")
+        proc.insertIfAbsent(1L, t0)                                   // 未处理 → backlog
+        proc.insertIfAbsent(2L, t0)
+        proc.markTerminal(2L, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = t0)        // 终态未打标 → unmarked
+
+        assertEquals(1.0, gauge("msgx.pipeline.backlog.unfinished"), 0.001)
+        assertEquals(1.0, gauge("msgx.pipeline.backfill.unmarked_terminal"), 0.001)
+        assertEquals(0.0, gauge("msgx.pipeline.backfill.abandoned"), 0.001)
+        // 信箱为空 → 没有"最新 ID"可比，滞后用 -1（无值）而不是伪造 0
+        assertEquals(-1.0, gauge("msgx.pipeline.watermark.lag"), 0.001)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `permanent hole releases are exposed as a monotonic total`() {
+        val counters = ctx.getBean(PipelineCounters::class.java)
+        val before = gauge("msgx.pipeline.hole.aged_out.total")
+        counters.holeAgedOutIncrement()
+        counters.holeAgedOutIncrement()
+
+        assertEquals(before + 2.0, gauge("msgx.pipeline.hole.aged_out.total"), 0.001)
+    }
+
+    private fun gauge(name: String): Double =
+        requireNotNull(registry.find(name).gauge()) { "gauge not registered: $name" }.value()
+}

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/persistence/jdbc/FlywayMigrationTest.kt

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ class FlywayMigrationTest {
 
         DriverManager.getConnection(url, user, pass).use { conn ->
             conn.createStatement().use { stmt ->
-                // 迁移记录：V1 基线 + V2 信箱生命周期 + V3 稳定处理起点
+                // 迁移记录：V1 基线 + V2 信箱生命周期 + V3 稳定处理起点 + V4 回填闭环 + V5 切流播种
                 stmt.executeQuery(
                     "SELECT version, script, success FROM flyway_schema_history ORDER BY installed_rank ASC",
                 ).use { rs ->
@@ -48,13 +48,17 @@ class FlywayMigrationTest {
                     while (rs.next()) {
                         records.add(Triple(rs.getString("version"), rs.getString("script"), rs.getBoolean("success")))
                     }
-                    assertTrue(records.size >= 3, "flyway_schema_history must record all migrations")
+                    assertTrue(records.size >= 5, "flyway_schema_history must record all migrations")
                     assertEquals("1", records[0].first)
                     assertEquals("V1__flight_state_baseline.sql", records[0].second)
                     assertEquals("2", records[1].first)
                     assertEquals("V2__inbox_lifecycle.sql", records[1].second)
                     assertEquals("3", records[2].first)
                     assertEquals("V3__stable_processing_start.sql", records[2].second)
+                    assertEquals("4", records[3].first)
+                    assertEquals("V4__backfill_closure.sql", records[3].second)
+                    assertEquals("5", records[4].first)
+                    assertEquals("V5__cutover_seed.sql", records[4].second)
                     assertTrue(records.all { it.third })
                 }
 
@@ -79,16 +83,20 @@ class FlywayMigrationTest {
                     assertEquals(setOf("flid", "operation_day", "state", "state_version", "last_msg_id"), cols)
                 }
 
-                // 回填相关的列都落在 PROC_STATE 上（收信时间用来判断超期，其余记录回填进度）
+                // 回填相关的列都落在 PROC_STATE 上（收信时间判断超期；abandoned 记录"停止自动重试"）
                 stmt.executeQuery(
                     "SELECT column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE table_name = 'proc_state' " +
                         "AND column_name IN ('received_at', 'backfill_at', 'backfill_next_at', " +
-                        "'backfill_attempts', 'backfill_error', 'processing_started_at')",
+                        "'backfill_attempts', 'backfill_error', 'backfill_abandoned_at', " +
+                        "'backfill_abandoned_reason', 'processing_started_at')",
                 ).use { rs ->
                     val cols = mutableSetOf<String>()
                     while (rs.next()) cols.add(rs.getString("column_name"))
                     assertEquals(
-                        setOf("received_at", "backfill_at", "backfill_next_at", "backfill_attempts", "backfill_error", "processing_started_at"),
+                        setOf(
+                            "received_at", "backfill_at", "backfill_next_at", "backfill_attempts", "backfill_error",
+                            "backfill_abandoned_at", "backfill_abandoned_reason", "processing_started_at",
+                        ),
                         cols,
                     )
                 }

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/persistence/jdbc/InboxLifecycleJdbcSqlTest.kt

@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ class InboxLifecycleJdbcSqlTest {
                 )
             }
         }
-        proc = JdbcProcStateRepository(ds)
+        proc = JdbcProcStateRepository(ds, java.time.Clock.systemUTC())
         mailbox = JdbcCminmsgInboxRepository(ds)
-        cursor = JdbcInboxCursorRepository(ds)
+        cursor = JdbcInboxCursorRepository(ds, java.time.Clock.systemUTC())
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -223,6 +223,8 @@ class InboxLifecycleJdbcSqlTest {
               backfill_next_at  TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
               backfill_attempts INT NOT NULL DEFAULT 0,
               backfill_error    VARCHAR(512),
+              backfill_abandoned_at     TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
+              backfill_abandoned_reason VARCHAR(64),
               processing_started_at TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
               updated_at        TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL,
               CONSTRAINT uk_proc_identity UNIQUE (identity_key)
@@ -234,6 +236,7 @@ class InboxLifecycleJdbcSqlTest {
               cursor_id       INT PRIMARY KEY,
               committed_up_to BIGINT NOT NULL,
               hole_since      TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
+              seeded_at       TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE,
               updated_at      TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE NOT NULL
             )
         """

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/infra/retry/ReplayServiceTest.kt

@@ -47,11 +47,17 @@ class ReplayServiceTest {
 
         override fun recordBackfillFailure(msgId: Long, error: String?, attempts: Int, nextAttemptAt: Instant, now: Instant) = Unit
 
+        override fun markBackfillAbandoned(msgId: Long, reason: String, now: Instant): Boolean = false
+
+        override fun reopenBackfill(msgId: Long, now: Instant): Boolean = false
+
         override fun findBackfillDue(now: Instant, overdueBefore: Instant, limit: Int) =
             emptyList<com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.BackfillDue>()
 
         override fun backlog() = com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.Backlog(0, null, 0)
 
+        override fun hasAny(): Boolean = rows.isNotEmpty()
+
         override fun requeueByErrorClasses(errorClasses: List<ErrorClass>): Int {
             requeueCalls += errorClasses
             var n = 0
@@ -74,7 +80,8 @@ class ReplayServiceTest {
         repo.seed(2, ProcStatus.DEAD, ErrorClass.MALFORMED)
         repo.seed(3, ProcStatus.FAILED, ErrorClass.UNSUPPORTED)
 
-        val n = ReplayService(repo).replay(listOf(ErrorClass.CODEC_ERROR, ErrorClass.MALFORMED, ErrorClass.UNSUPPORTED))
+        val n = ReplayService(repo, com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.MessageLifecycleGate())
+            .replay(listOf(ErrorClass.CODEC_ERROR, ErrorClass.MALFORMED, ErrorClass.UNSUPPORTED))
 
         assertEquals(2, n)
         assertEquals(listOf(listOf(ErrorClass.CODEC_ERROR, ErrorClass.UNSUPPORTED)), repo.requeueCalls)
@@ -91,7 +98,8 @@ class ReplayServiceTest {
         val repo = FakeRepo()
         repo.seed(2, ProcStatus.DEAD, ErrorClass.MALFORMED)
 
-        val n = ReplayService(repo).replay(listOf(ErrorClass.MALFORMED))
+        val n = ReplayService(repo, com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.MessageLifecycleGate())
+            .replay(listOf(ErrorClass.MALFORMED))
 
         assertEquals(0, n)
         assertNull(repo.requeueCalls.lastOrNull())   // 白名单过滤后为空 → 不触达仓储
@@ -105,7 +113,7 @@ class ReplayServiceTest {
         repo.seed(5, ProcStatus.DEAD, ErrorClass.EXHAUSTED)
         repo.seed(6, ProcStatus.DEAD, ErrorClass.MALFORMED)
 
-        val n = ReplayService(repo).replayAll()
+        val n = ReplayService(repo, com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.processing.MessageLifecycleGate()).replayAll()
 
         assertEquals(2, n)
         assertEquals(ProcStatus.PENDING, repo.rows[4]!!.state)

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/ingress/CutoverSeedTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress
+
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.config.PipelineProps
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.metrics.PipelineCounters
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.persistence.InboxCursorRepository
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInbox
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInboxCursor
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubPipelineTx
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubProcState
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotEquals
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import java.time.Clock
+import java.time.Instant
+import java.time.ZoneOffset
+
+/**
+ * 切流水位播种（ACM2-35）：**显式、一次性、升级安全**。
+ *
+ * 覆盖评审提出的四条硬要求：
+ * 1. 默认（未配置）不动作，代码不做默认选择；
+ * 2. 四种模式严格区分（`min` 读现存全部 / `zero` 从 0 按空洞规则 / `max` 跳过可见存量 / 显式 ID）；
+ * 3. 升级实例（已有水位或已有处理记录）**拒绝重新播种**——`SEEDED_AT` 为 NULL 不等于"从未消费"；
+ * 4. 播种至多一次，且不会被普通的水位推进抹掉。
+ */
+class CutoverSeedTest {
+
+    private val t0: Instant = Instant.parse("2026-09-08T03:00:00Z")
+    private val props = PipelineProps()
+
+    private lateinit var inbox: StubInbox
+    private lateinit var proc: StubProcState
+    private lateinit var cursor: StubInboxCursor
+    private lateinit var poller: InboxPoller
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    fun setUp() {
+        inbox = StubInbox().apply { clear() }
+        proc = StubProcState().apply { clear() }
+        cursor = StubInboxCursor().apply { clear() }
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = null
+        poller = InboxPoller(
+            inbox, proc, cursor, StubPipelineTx(), props,
+            Clock.fixed(t0, ZoneOffset.UTC), PipelineCounters(),
+        )
+    }
+
+    /** 造一个 MIN(ID)=5 的信箱：1..4 已被库方清除（典型"最老分区已 DROP"）。 */
+    private fun mailboxWithMinId5(): List<Long> {
+        val ids = (1..8).map { inbox.insertRaw("<MSG/>") }
+        ids.take(4).forEach { inbox.removeRow(it) }
+        return ids.drop(4)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `default does nothing - no seeding without explicit configuration`() {
+        val kept = mailboxWithMinId5()
+
+        assertEquals(0, poller.pollOnce(t0))            // W=0 → ID=1 判为空洞，不推进
+
+        assertNull(cursor.cursor.seededAt)
+        assertEquals(0L, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)
+        assertNotNull(cursor.cursor.holeSince)
+        assertTrue(kept.all { proc.find(it) == null })
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `min mode reads all currently existing rows`() {
+        val kept = mailboxWithMinId5()
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "min"
+
+        assertEquals(4, poller.pollOnce(t0))            // 播种 W=4，同一轮把 5..8 全部读入
+
+        assertNotNull(cursor.cursor.seededAt)
+        assertEquals(8L, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)
+        assertTrue(kept.all { proc.find(it) != null })
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `max mode skips the currently visible backlog`() {
+        mailboxWithMinId5()
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "max"
+
+        assertEquals(0, poller.pollOnce(t0))
+
+        assertNotNull(cursor.cursor.seededAt)
+        assertEquals(8L, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)   // 直接跳到 MAX(ID)
+        assertEquals(0, proc.rows.size)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `zero mode scans from zero and stops at the first hole`() {
+        mailboxWithMinId5()
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "zero"
+
+        assertEquals(0, poller.pollOnce(t0))
+
+        assertNotNull(cursor.cursor.seededAt)
+        assertEquals(0L, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)   // 1..4 是空洞 → 按空洞规则停住
+        assertNotNull(cursor.cursor.holeSince)
+        assertEquals(0, proc.rows.size)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `explicit boundary mode is accepted`() {
+        mailboxWithMinId5()
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "6"
+
+        poller.pollOnce(t0)
+
+        assertNotNull(cursor.cursor.seededAt)
+        assertEquals(8L, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)   // 从 6 起读 7..8（6 本身已在界内）
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `upgraded instance with existing watermark refuses to re-seed`() {
+        mailboxWithMinId5()
+        cursor.save(InboxCursorRepository.Cursor(committedUpTo = 3L, holeSince = t0))
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "max"
+
+        poller.pollOnce(t0)
+
+        assertNull(cursor.cursor.seededAt)              // 没有重新播种
+        assertNotEquals(8L, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `instance that already consumed messages refuses to seed even at W zero`() {
+        mailboxWithMinId5()
+        proc.insertIfAbsent(1L, t0)                     // 已有处理记录（即使水位还是 0）
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "max"
+
+        poller.pollOnce(t0)
+
+        assertNull(cursor.cursor.seededAt)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `seeding happens at most once and survives normal watermark saves`() {
+        mailboxWithMinId5()
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "max"
+        poller.pollOnce(t0)
+        val seededAt = cursor.cursor.seededAt
+        assertNotNull(seededAt)
+
+        cursor.save(InboxCursorRepository.Cursor(committedUpTo = 2L, holeSince = null))
+        poller.pollOnce(t0.plusSeconds(1))
+
+        assertEquals(seededAt, cursor.cursor.seededAt)  // 标记仍在：普通 save 不抹播种事实
+        assertEquals(2L, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `empty mailbox is left unseeded`() {
+        props.pipeline.cutoverWatermark = "max"
+
+        assertEquals(0, poller.pollOnce(t0))
+
+        assertNull(cursor.cursor.seededAt)
+    }
+}

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/ingress/InboxPollerTest.kt

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertFalse
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertTrue
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
 import java.time.Instant
@@ -38,7 +39,11 @@ class InboxPollerTest {
         inbox = StubInbox().apply { clear() }
         proc = StubProcState().apply { clear() }
         cursor = StubInboxCursor().apply { clear() }
-        poller = InboxPoller(inbox, proc, cursor, StubPipelineTx(), props)
+        poller = InboxPoller(
+            inbox, proc, cursor, StubPipelineTx(), props,
+            java.time.Clock.fixed(t0, java.time.ZoneOffset.UTC),
+            com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.metrics.PipelineCounters(),
+        )
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -67,7 +72,7 @@ class InboxPollerTest {
         val dead = (1..3).map { inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>") }
         assertEquals(3, poller.pollOnce(t0))
         dead.forEach {
-            proc.markTerminal(it, ProcStatus.DEAD, errorClass = ErrorClass.MALFORMED, lastError = "raw-missing")
+            proc.markTerminal(it, ProcStatus.DEAD, errorClass = ErrorClass.MALFORMED, lastError = "raw-missing", now = t0)
         }
 
         val fresh = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")
@@ -112,7 +117,7 @@ class InboxPollerTest {
 
     @Test
     fun `compat http path and poller do not double enqueue the same message`() {
-        val receipt = InboxService(inbox, proc).accept("<MSG/>")
+        val receipt = InboxService(inbox, proc, java.time.Clock.fixed(t0, java.time.ZoneOffset.UTC)).accept("<MSG/>")
 
         assertEquals(0, poller.pollOnce(t0))
         assertEquals(receipt.msgId, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)   // 已在 PG：读取进度照常推进
@@ -144,4 +149,60 @@ class InboxPollerTest {
         assertNull(proc.find(fifth))
         assertEquals(first + 2, third)
     }
+
+    /**
+     * 【缺口基线 · G1】快路径只读 `ID > W`、从不回头：水位越过某个 ID 之后，该 ID 即使后来
+     * 出现在信箱里也不会再被发现。这不是期望行为，而是"没有补偿扫描"的**已知缺口**；
+     * 本用例把它固定成基线，补偿扫描（ACM2-41 / G1）落地后必须反转成"能被发现并安全处置"。
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `baseline - an id that appears after the watermark passed it is never discovered`() {
+        inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")                       // 1
+        val hole = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")            // 2
+        val third = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")           // 3
+        inbox.removeRow(hole)
+
+        poller.pollOnce(t0)                                          // W 停在 1，空洞在 2
+        val agedOut = t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay)
+        poller.pollOnce(agedOut)                                     // 空洞判永久 → 放行
+        poller.pollOnce(agedOut)                                     // 发现 3
+        assertEquals(third, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)
+
+        // 迟到的 2 现在才出现：水位已经越过它，快路径再也不会读它。
+        inbox.restoreRow(hole, "<MSG/>", agedOut)
+
+        assertEquals(0, poller.pollOnce(agedOut.plusSeconds(1)))
+        assertNull(proc.find(hole))
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 兼容入口会把消息登记在水位**之外**（`msgId > W`），因此它天然成为"最小未完成行"。
+     * 领取侧的守卫在主泵：只领 `msgId <= W`（端到端验收见 `PipelineSmokeTest` 的
+     * "compat injected high id is not claimed until the watermark catches up"）。
+     * 本用例只固定收报侧的事实：**登记发生，但水位不动**。
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `compat accept registers a row above the watermark without advancing it`() {
+        props.pipeline.claimBatch = 10
+        val one = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")             // 1
+        val hole = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")            // 2（空洞）
+        val third = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")           // 3
+        inbox.removeRow(hole)
+
+        assertEquals(1, poller.pollOnce(t0))                        // W=1，遇空洞即停
+        assertEquals(one, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)
+        assertNull(proc.find(third))                                // 3 还没入队
+
+        val receipt = InboxService(inbox, proc, java.time.Clock.fixed(t0, java.time.ZoneOffset.UTC))
+            .accept("<MSG/>")                                       // 兼容入口：高 ID 直接进 PG
+        val high = receipt.msgId
+        assertTrue(high > third)
+
+        assertEquals(one, cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)              // 水位不动（不参与水位）
+        // 主泵处理掉队头 1 之后，最小未完成行就是兼容入口写进来的高 ID……
+        proc.markTerminal(one, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = t0)
+        assertEquals(high, proc.headUnfinished()!!.msgId)
+        assertTrue(high > cursor.cursor.committedUpTo)              // ……但它超出水位，主泵不会领取
+        assertNull(proc.find(third))
+    }
 }

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/ingress/LateArrivalDetectTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.ingress
+
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.config.PipelineProps
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.metrics.PipelineCounters
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInbox
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubInboxCursor
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubPipelineTx
+import com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.infra.stub.StubProcState
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNotNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertNull
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach
+import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test
+import java.time.Clock
+import java.time.Duration
+import java.time.Instant
+import java.time.ZoneOffset
+
+/**
+ * 迟到到达检测（ACM2-41 阶段 0）：**只读观测**。
+ *
+ * 语义：被判定为永久空洞并放行的 ID，如果后来真的出现在信箱里，就是"上游提交晚于水位推进"。
+ * 阶段 0 只计数与告警，**不入队、不改变处理语义**（补入队属阶段 1，需先与库方定案）。
+ */
+class LateArrivalDetectTest {
+
+    private val t0: Instant = Instant.parse("2026-09-08T03:00:00Z")
+    private val props = PipelineProps()
+
+    private lateinit var inbox: StubInbox
+    private lateinit var proc: StubProcState
+    private lateinit var cursor: StubInboxCursor
+    private lateinit var counters: PipelineCounters
+    private lateinit var poller: InboxPoller
+
+    @BeforeEach
+    fun setUp() {
+        inbox = StubInbox().apply { clear() }
+        proc = StubProcState().apply { clear() }
+        cursor = StubInboxCursor().apply { clear() }
+        counters = PipelineCounters()
+        poller = InboxPoller(inbox, proc, cursor, StubPipelineTx(), props, Clock.fixed(t0, ZoneOffset.UTC), counters)
+    }
+
+    /** 造出"1 存在、2 是空洞、3 存在"，并把空洞等到超期放行。返回迟到的那个 ID。 */
+    private fun ageOutHoleAt2(): Long {
+        inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")                       // 1
+        val hole = inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")            // 2
+        inbox.simulateExternalWrite("<MSG/>")                       // 3
+        inbox.removeRow(hole)
+        poller.pollOnce(t0)                                         // W=1，空洞在 2
+        poller.pollOnce(t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay))     // 空洞判永久 → 放行
+        return hole
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `a hole that really appears later is detected and counted`() {
+        val hole = ageOutHoleAt2()
+        inbox.restoreRow(hole, "<MSG/>", t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay))
+
+        // 过了检测周期再轮询一次
+        poller.pollOnce(t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay).plus(props.pipeline.lateDetectPeriod))
+
+        assertEquals(1L, counters.lateArrivalDetectedCount())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `detection does not enqueue the late message - phase 0 is observation only`() {
+        val hole = ageOutHoleAt2()
+        inbox.restoreRow(hole, "<MSG/>", t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay))
+
+        poller.pollOnce(t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay).plus(props.pipeline.lateDetectPeriod))
+
+        assertEquals(1L, counters.lateArrivalDetectedCount())
+        assertNull(proc.find(hole))                                 // 仍然不会被补入队
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `a hole that stays absent is not counted`() {
+        ageOutHoleAt2()
+
+        poller.pollOnce(t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay).plus(props.pipeline.lateDetectPeriod))
+
+        assertEquals(0L, counters.lateArrivalDetectedCount())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `detection does not run before the configured period elapses`() {
+        val hole = ageOutHoleAt2()
+        inbox.restoreRow(hole, "<MSG/>", t0)
+
+        // 只过了一个 max-commit-delay，未到检测周期
+        poller.pollOnce(t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay).plusSeconds(1))
+
+        assertEquals(0L, counters.lateArrivalDetectedCount())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `detection can be switched off`() {
+        props.pipeline.lateDetectPeriod = Duration.ZERO
+        val hole = ageOutHoleAt2()
+        inbox.restoreRow(hole, "<MSG/>", t0)
+
+        poller.pollOnce(t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay).plus(Duration.ofHours(1)))
+
+        assertEquals(0L, counters.lateArrivalDetectedCount())
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `the same late id is counted once even after the hole is aged out again`() {
+        val hole = ageOutHoleAt2()
+        inbox.restoreRow(hole, "<MSG/>", t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay))
+        val later = t0.plus(props.pipeline.maxCommitDelay).plus(props.pipeline.lateDetectPeriod)
+        poller.pollOnce(later)
+        assertEquals(1L, counters.lateArrivalDetectedCount())
+
+        poller.pollOnce(later.plus(props.pipeline.lateDetectPeriod))
+
+        assertEquals(1L, counters.lateArrivalDetectedCount())       // 已命中的 ID 不再重复计数
+        assertNotNull(cursor.cursor)
+    }
+}

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/processing/BackfillServiceTest.kt

@@ -41,21 +41,24 @@ class BackfillServiceTest {
     private val props = PipelineProps()
 
     /** 可以人为制造故障的信箱，用来验证回填失败时怎么处理。 */
-    private class FakeMailbox(var fail: Boolean = false) : CminmsgInboxRepository {
+    private class FakeMailbox(var fail: Boolean = false, var missing: Boolean = false) : CminmsgInboxRepository {
         val marked = linkedSetOf<Long>()
         override fun insertRaw(rawXml: String): Long = 1L
         override fun rawOf(msgId: Long): String? = null
         override fun receivedAtOf(msgId: Long): Instant? = null
         override fun readRange(fromExclusive: Long, limit: Int): List<MailboxRow> = emptyList()
         override fun maxId(): Long? = null
+        override fun minId(): Long? = null
+        override fun existingIds(msgIds: Collection<Long>): Set<Long> = emptySet()
         override fun markProcessedIfUnmarked(msgId: Long, value: String): MailboxMarkResult {
             if (fail) throw IllegalStateException("mysql-down")
+            if (missing) return MailboxMarkResult.MISSING
             return if (marked.add(msgId)) MailboxMarkResult.MARKED else MailboxMarkResult.ALREADY_MARKED
         }
     }
 
     private fun service(proc: StubProcState, mailbox: CminmsgInboxRepository, now: Instant = t0) =
-        BackfillService(proc, mailbox, MailboxProps(), props, Clock.fixed(now, ZoneOffset.UTC))
+        BackfillService(proc, mailbox, MailboxProps(), props, Clock.fixed(now, ZoneOffset.UTC), MessageLifecycleGate())
 
     /** 终态 + 回填意图（固定时刻，避免依赖真实时钟）。 */
     private fun succeeded(proc: StubProcState, id: Long) {
@@ -122,8 +125,13 @@ class BackfillServiceTest {
         assertNull(row.backfillAt)
     }
 
+    /**
+     * 评审修正 R3：信箱行不存在是**确定性结论**，不再当作"可重试失败"——
+     * 重试不会改变结果，只会每 30 秒重试一次并永久占满扫描批次。
+     * 但仍必须区分"停止自动重试"与"标记已确认"：backfillAt 保持为空。
+     */
     @Test
-    fun `missing mailbox row remains an unconfirmed backfill failure`() {
+    fun `missing mailbox row is abandoned instead of retried forever`() {
         val proc = StubProcState()
         val inbox = StubInbox().apply { clear() }
         val id = inbox.insertRaw("<MSG/>")
@@ -133,10 +141,12 @@ class BackfillServiceTest {
         service(proc, inbox).attempt(id)
 
         val row = proc.find(id)!!
-        assertNull(row.backfillAt)
+        assertNull(row.backfillAt)                                   // 放弃 ≠ 已确认
-        assertEquals(1, row.backfillAttempts)
+        assertEquals(BackfillService.ABANDON_MISSING_ROW, row.backfillAbandonedReason)
-        assertEquals("mailbox-row-missing", row.backfillError)
+        assertNotNull(row.backfillAbandonedAt)
-        assertNotNull(row.backfillNextAt)
+        assertNull(row.backfillNextAt)                               // 不再排下一次重试
+        assertNull(row.backfillError)                                // 不再是"失败重试"，而是放弃
+        assertEquals(0, service(proc, inbox).sweep(t0))              // 也不再被扫描
     }
 
     @Test
@@ -229,6 +239,8 @@ class BackfillServiceTest {
             override fun receivedAtOf(msgId: Long) = t0
             override fun readRange(fromExclusive: Long, limit: Int) = emptyList<MailboxRow>()
             override fun maxId(): Long? = 1L
+            override fun minId(): Long? = 1L
+            override fun existingIds(msgIds: Collection<Long>): Set<Long> = emptySet()
             override fun markProcessedIfUnmarked(msgId: Long, value: String): MailboxMarkResult {
                 entered.countDown()
                 release.await()
@@ -262,4 +274,90 @@ class BackfillServiceTest {
             pool.shutdownNow()
         }
     }
+
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+    // 回填闭环（评审修正 R3 + 饥饿回归）
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    @Test
+    fun `missing mailbox row is abandoned immediately and is never treated as marked`() {
+        val proc = StubProcState()
+        val mailbox = FakeMailbox(missing = true)
+        succeeded(proc, 911L)
+
+        service(proc, mailbox).attempt(911L)
+
+        val row = proc.find(911L)!!
+        assertEquals(BackfillService.ABANDON_MISSING_ROW, row.backfillAbandonedReason)
+        assertNotNull(row.backfillAbandonedAt)
+        // 放弃 ≠ 标记已确认：清除前提（边界内全部行已打标）因此仍然不成立。
+        assertNull(row.backfillAt)
+        assertNull(row.backfillNextAt)
+        // 已放弃的行不再进入扫描：不会每 30 秒无限重试。
+        assertEquals(0, service(proc, mailbox).sweep(t0))
+        // 但它**不是**永久失去补偿：人工恢复后可以重新排队。
+        assertTrue(service(proc, mailbox).reopen(911L))
+        assertNull(proc.find(911L)!!.backfillAbandonedAt)
+        assertNotNull(proc.find(911L)!!.backfillNextAt)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `transient failures keep retrying until the attempt cap and stay recoverable`() {
+        props.pipeline.backfillMaxAttempts = 3
+        val proc = StubProcState()
+        val mailbox = FakeMailbox(fail = true)
+        succeeded(proc, 912L)
+        val svc = service(proc, mailbox)
+
+        svc.attempt(912L)   // 1 次：暂时性故障，只退避
+        svc.attempt(912L)   // 2 次
+        assertNull(proc.find(912L)!!.backfillAbandonedAt)
+
+        svc.attempt(912L)   // 3 次：达到上限 → 停止自动重试
+        val row = proc.find(912L)!!
+        assertEquals(BackfillService.ABANDON_MAX_ATTEMPTS, row.backfillAbandonedReason)
+        assertNull(row.backfillAt)
+
+        assertTrue(svc.reopen(912L))                       // 人工恢复入口存在且有效
+        assertNull(proc.find(912L)!!.backfillAbandonedAt)
+    }
+
+    @Test
+    fun `permanently failing oldest rows do not starve later rows (fair rotation)`() {
+        props.pipeline.backfillBatch = 3
+        val proc = StubProcState()
+        val overdueBefore = t0.plusSeconds(3600)
+        // 1..3：模拟"最旧且已尝试多次"的永久失败行，保持 due（nextAt <= now）
+        (1L..3L).forEach { id ->
+            proc.insertIfAbsent(id, t0)
+            proc.markTerminal(id, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = t0)
+            proc.recordBackfillFailure(id, "still-failing", attempts = 50, nextAttemptAt = t0, now = t0)
+        }
+        // 200：新行，从未尝试
+        proc.insertIfAbsent(200L, t0)
+        proc.markTerminal(200L, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = t0)
+
+        val due = proc.findBackfillDue(t0, overdueBefore, limit = 3)
+
+        assertEquals(3, due.size)
+        // 公平轮转：尝试次数少的先被扫描，因此新行不会被最旧的一批永久失败行饿死。
+        assertEquals(200L, due.first().msgId)
+        assertTrue(due.any { it.msgId == 200L })
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * 语义固定（G4）：`RECEIVED_AT` 为 NULL 时"超期"分支不成立，`R` 兜底**不生效**，
+     * 该行只能靠退避重试。把这条钉住，避免以后误以为 `R` 一定能兜底。
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun `null received time disables the overdue shortcut so only backoff applies`() {
+        val proc = StubProcState()
+        proc.insertIfAbsent(921L, null)                       // 上游未提供接收时间
+        proc.markTerminal(921L, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = t0)
+        proc.recordBackfillFailure(921L, "mysql-down", attempts = 1, nextAttemptAt = t0.plusSeconds(3600), now = t0)
+
+        val due = proc.findBackfillDue(now = t0, overdueBefore = t0.plusSeconds(10_000), limit = 10)
+
+        assertTrue(due.isEmpty())                             // 超期分支无效 + 退避未到期
+    }
 }

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/processing/FdelAndAdftProcessorTest.kt

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ class FdelAndAdftProcessorTest {
         val proc = StubProcState()
         proc.insertIfAbsent(msgId, null)
 
-        val result = FdelProcessor(StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, events, proc, ObjectMapper())
+        val result = FdelProcessor(StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, events, proc, ObjectMapper(), java.time.Clock.systemUTC())
             .apply(head(), msg(), FlopPayload("121"))
 
         assertEquals(ApplyResult.Succeeded, result)
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ class FdelAndAdftProcessorTest {
     fun `repeated FDEL is idempotent without version bump or duplicate event`() {
         val f = flights()
         val events = StubMsgEvents()
-        val proc = FdelProcessor(StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, events, StubProcState(), ObjectMapper())
+        val proc = FdelProcessor(StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, events, StubProcState(), ObjectMapper(), java.time.Clock.systemUTC())
 
         proc.apply(head(), msg(), FlopPayload("121"))
         val version = f.findMainRow("121")!!.stateVersion
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class FdelAndAdftProcessorTest {
         val f = StubFlightState()
         val events = StubMsgEvents()
 
-        val result = FdelProcessor(StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, events, StubProcState(), ObjectMapper())
+        val result = FdelProcessor(StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, events, StubProcState(), ObjectMapper(), java.time.Clock.systemUTC())
             .apply(head(), msg(), FlopPayload("999"))
 
         assertEquals(ApplyResult.Succeeded, result)   // 航班不存在（迟到或多余）也算成功
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ class FdelAndAdftProcessorTest {
         val events = StubMsgEvents()
         val adft = AdftProcessor(
             StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, events, StubProcState(),
-            OperationDayProps().apply { zone = "Asia/Shanghai" }, ObjectMapper(),
+            OperationDayProps().apply { zone = "Asia/Shanghai" }, ObjectMapper(), java.time.Clock.systemUTC(),
         )
         val record = com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.domain.flight.ScheduleRecord(
             "121", mapOf("SODT" to "15DEC261723", "FLNO" to "CA002"),
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ class FdelAndAdftProcessorTest {
         val events = StubMsgEvents()
         val adft = AdftProcessor(
             StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, events, StubProcState(),
-            OperationDayProps().apply { zone = "Asia/Shanghai" }, ObjectMapper(),
+            OperationDayProps().apply { zone = "Asia/Shanghai" }, ObjectMapper(), java.time.Clock.systemUTC(),
         )
 
         val result = adft.apply(
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ class FdelAndAdftProcessorTest {
         )
         val adft = AdftProcessor(
             StubPipelineTx(), StubPipelineLock(), f, StubMsgEvents(), StubProcState(),
-            OperationDayProps().apply { zone = "Asia/Shanghai" }, ObjectMapper(),
+            OperationDayProps().apply { zone = "Asia/Shanghai" }, ObjectMapper(), java.time.Clock.systemUTC(),
         )
 
         adft.apply(head(), msg(), com.gzzn.omms.msgexchange.domain.flight.ScheduleRecord("555", mapOf("FLNO" to "XX200")))

src/test/kotlin/com/gzzn/omms/msgexchange/processing/ScheduleProcessorTest.kt

@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ class ScheduleProcessorTest {
             snapshotLog = log,
             operationDayProps = OperationDayProps().apply { zone = "Asia/Shanghai"; cutoffHour = 0 },
             mapper = ObjectMapper(),
+            clock = java.time.Clock.systemUTC(),
         )
     }
 
@@ -129,7 +130,7 @@ class ScheduleProcessorTest {
     fun `replay of succeeded message records idempotent success without writes`() {
         val proc = StubProcState()
         proc.insertIfAbsent(msgId, null)
-        proc.markTerminal(msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED)
+        proc.markTerminal(msgId, ProcStatus.SUCCEEDED, now = java.time.Instant.now())
         val flights = StubFlightState()
         val log = StubSnapshotLog()